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Berenib (Bernerib) of Narmer|Queen

AKA Queen (Berenib) Bernerib of Narmer birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Associates of Pharaoh Aha of Narmer birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Aha) Athothis I of Narmer birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Associates of Queen Berenib of Narmer birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Aha) Hor-Aha of Narmer birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Aha) Menes of Narmer birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					List of Kings
					birt: deat:
				Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
				birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
			First Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
			birt: 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2800 BC
		Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC
	Berenib (Bernerib) of Narmer\|Queen
	birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh marr: birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
		Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC

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AKA Pharaoh (Aha) Hor-Aha of Narmer


				Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
				birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
			First Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
			birt: 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2800 BC
		Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC
	Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
		Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC
AKA Pharaoh (Aha) Hor-Aha of Narmer
birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
				Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
				birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
			First Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
			birt: 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2800 BC
		Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC
	Berenib (Bernerib) of Narmer\|Queen
	birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
		Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC

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Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)|Queen

< Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr: < Berenib (Bernerib) of Narmer\|Queen birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: Associates of Pharaoh Narmer birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
			Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh marr: birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC

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Associates of Pharaoh Djer of Aha


				First Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
				birt: 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2800 BC
			Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
		Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
			Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
	Djer (Athothis II) of Aha of Narmer\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
		Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)\|Concubine
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
Associates of Pharaoh Djer of Aha
birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
				First Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
				birt: 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2800 BC
			Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
		Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
			Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
	Herneith, daughter of Aha of Narmer\|Queen
	birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
		Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)\|Concubine
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)|Concubine

< Shesh II of Aha of Narmer\|Princess birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: < Herneith, daughter of Aha of Narmer\|Queen birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: < Djer (Athothis II) of Aha of Narmer\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
			Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)\|Concubine
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh marr: birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Dynasty 1 Hept, concubine of Aha and mother of Djer. (http://lavender.fortunecity.com/stroheim/323/queens.html)

Merneith (MeritNit) (MerytNeith) of Djer|Queen

AKA Queen (Merneith) MeritNit of Djer birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED Associates of Queen Merneith of Djer birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Djet) (Serpent) Scorpian birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Queen (Merneith) Meryet-Neit of Djer birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Den (Semti) (Udimu) (Dewen) of Djet\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2950 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Djet) Uadji birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Djet) Athothis III birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Djet) (Wadji) Wadj birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					First Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
					birt: 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2800 BC
				Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
			Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
				Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
		Djer (Athothis II) of Aha of Narmer\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
			Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)\|Concubine
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
	Merneith (MeritNit) (MerytNeith) of Djer\|Queen
	birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED Djet (Athothis III) (Wadj) (Wadji) (Uadji )\|Pharaoh marr: birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					First Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
					birt: 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2800 BC
				Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
			Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
				Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
		Herneith, daughter of Aha of Narmer\|Queen
		birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
			Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)\|Concubine
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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AKA Pharaoh (Djet) Uadji


	Djet (Athothis III) (Wadj) (Wadji) (Uadji )\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
AKA Pharaoh (Djet) Uadji
birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
				Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
			Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
				Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
		Djer (Athothis II) of Aha of Narmer\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
			Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)\|Concubine
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
	Merneith (MeritNit) (MerytNeith) of Djer\|Queen
	birt: ABT 3000 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
				Narmer (Na'rmer) (Merunar)\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
			Aha (Menes) (Athothis I) (Hor-Aha) of Narmer\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: marr:
				Neithotepe (Neith'hetepu) (Neithhotep A)\|Queen
				birt: ABT 3100 BC plac: Northern Egypt deat: ABT 3050 BC marr:
		Herneith, daughter of Aha of Narmer\|Queen
		birt: ABT 3050 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
			Hept (Hent) (wife of Aha of Narmer)\|Concubine
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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Notes:

Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com

Betrest (Betirset) (Betresh)|Queen

AKA Pharaoh (Anedjib) Merpibia of Den birt: ABT 2875 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED Associates of Pharaoh Anedjib of Den birt: ABT 2875 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Semerkhet (Irynetjer) of Anedjib of Den\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2825 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
			Betrest (Betirset) (Betresh)\|Queen
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Anedjib (Adjib) (Enezib) (Merpibia) (Andjyeb) of Den of Djet\|Pharaoh marr: birt: ABT 2875 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Dynasty 1 Betirset (Betresh), chief wife of Merpibia and mother of Irynetjer (Ay). (http://lavender.fortunecity.com/stroheim/323/queens.html)

Hetepsekhemwy (Hotepsekhemwi)|Pharaoh


			List of Kings
			birt: deat:
		Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
		birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
	Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
	birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
Hetepsekhemwy (Hotepsekhemwi)\|Pharaoh
birt: ABT 2825 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Hetepsekhemwy Hetepsekhemwy was the first king of the 2nd Dynasty. His name is a reference to the gods Horu s and Seth "The Two Mighty Ones at Rest". The king ruled Ancient Egypt for more than thirty five years. During his era, an earthquake hit the vicinity of Bubastis in the Nile Delta. Some historian s say that his brother started a military coup and threw him out of power FIRST DYNASTY ... The name of Qa'a's successor, Hotepsekhemwi, meaning "the two powerful ones are at peace", i s sometimes interpreted as an indication that this king reunited a divided country. On the ot her hand, Hotepsekhemwi did bury Qa'a, which means that he was Qa'a's immediate successor. I t would thus seem unlikely that Qa'a's death was followed by any turmoil. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/01_03/01.html) SECOND DYNASTY ... The succession of the first three kings of the 2nd Dynasty is found on the back of the righ t shoulder of the statue of Hotepdief: Hotepsekhemwi, Nebre and Ninetjer. The first and the l atter of these kings had tombs at Saqqara, the necropolis of Memphis. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/01_03/02.html)

Reneb (Nebre) (Nebra)|Pharaoh

AKA Pharaoh Nebre (Reneb)\|(Reneb) birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
				List of Kings
				birt: deat:
			Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
			birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
		Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
		birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
	Reneb (Nebre) (Nebra)\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Reneb Reneb was the second king in the 2nd Dynasty. Reneb controlled Egypt after a coup to overthrow his brother. His royal seals were discovered at Saqqara and near Hermopolis. SECOND DYNASTY ... The succession of the first three kings of the 2nd Dynasty is found on the back of the righ t shoulder of the statue of Hotepdief: Hotepsekhemwi, Nebre and Ninetjer. The first and the l atter of these kings had tombs at Saqqara, the necropolis of Memphis. Although Nebre's tomb itself has not (yet) been localised, a funerary stela found in Memphi s does suggest that it must be found in the Memphite region as well. Some seal impressions fo und in Hotepsekhemwi's tomb but bearing Nebre's name have led some researchers to think tha t Nebre may have usurped his predecessor's tomb. Against this speculation it should be observ ed that the presence of Nebre's name in Hotepsekhemwi's tomb can equally mean that Nebre buri ed his predecessor or that he had reasons to inspect it somewhere during his reign. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/01_03/02.html)

Ninetjer (Ninetcher)(Wadj-nes)|Pharaoh


			List of Kings
			birt: deat:
		Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
		birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
	Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
	birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
Ninetjer (Ninetcher)(Wadj-nes)\|Pharaoh
birt: ABT 2775 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Ninetjer Ninetjer was the third king of the 2nd Dynasty, and took Memphis as his capitol. He ruled ancient Egypt for almost 40 years and he was famous for his festivals and marvelou s temples SECOND DYNASTY ... The succession of the first three kings of the 2nd Dynasty is found on the back of the righ t shoulder of the statue of Hotepdief: Hotepsekhemwi, Nebre and Ninetjer. The first and the l atter of these kings had tombs at Saqqara, the necropolis of Memphis. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/01_03/02.html)

Peribsen (Sekhemib) (Sechemib)|Pharaoh


			List of Kings
			birt: deat:
		Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
		birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
	Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
	birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
Peribsen (Sekhemib) (Sechemib)\|Pharaoh
birt: ABT 2700 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Peribsen Peribsen was the fourth king of the 2nd Dynasty. He was actually not the legitimate heir of Nintejer. In fact, many historians believe that th e king was an outsider who instigated coup against King Nintejer. King Peribsen used the designation of seth in his titles. Unfortunately, nothing from Peribse n's era is well documented except for his mortuary complex near Abydos SECOND DYNASTY ... The second name mentioned after Ninetjer in the King-lists, Sened, is not known through any c ontemporary sources. The oldest known sources mentioning this name are dated to the 4th Dynas ty. One of the sources, found in the tomb of a man named Sheri, refers to a mortuary cult fo r Sened at Saqqara. The same source also suggests a connection between Sened's cult and tha t of Peribsen, a king of the 2nd Dynasty who is only attested in the south of Egypt. This i s taken as an indication that Sened and Peribsen either were the same person, or that they ea ch ruled a part of the country at the same time and that the division of Egypt at that time w as one of peaceful co-existence. ... The name Peribsen has only been found in the south of Egypt. He is the only known king whos e official name refers to the god Seth instead of Horus. This name-change is significant beca use in the later religious tradition, both gods were sometimes considered as adversaries. I t may indicate a change in the royal ideology, or it may have been the result of the divisio n of Egypt into two territories. Even though Peribsen enjoyed a funerary cult at Saqqara, a t least from the 4th Dynasty on, he was buried at the royal cemetery of the 1st Dynasty of Um m el-Qa'ab. A name closely associated with Peribsen's is that of the Horus Sekhemib. Seal impressions wit h this name have been found at the entrance of Peribsen's tomb. This either means that Sekhem ib was Peribsen's successor or that they were one and the same king. Most Egyptologists agre e that Peribsen probably started his reign as Horus Sekhemib but then, for unknown reasons, c hanged his name to Seth Peribsen. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/01_03/02.html)

Khasekhemwy (Chasechemoui) (Khasekhem)|Pharaoh

< Zanakht (Nebka) (Khaba) (Mesochris) (Sanakht) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC
				List of Kings
				birt: deat:
			Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
			birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
		Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
		birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
	Khasekhemwy (Chasechemoui) (Khasekhem)\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Khasekhemwy The fifth king of the 2nd Dynasty was probably responsible for the unification of Upper and L ower Egypt. Not much is known about him, save the fact that he undertook massive military campaigns. A st atue of him which resides in the Cairo Museum, demonstrates the first use of hard stone wor k during this period. He is responsible for the construction of a large granite door jamb within the temple of Hier akonpolis, and for the building of many of the mortuary complexes at both Saqqara and Abydos. SECOND DYNASTY ... The last king of the 2nd Dynasty started his reign as Horus Khasekhem. Because this name is o nly attested at Hierakonpolis, in the south of Egypt, it is believed that Khasekhem only rule d this part of the country. Inscriptions from his reign point to rebellions and war against t he "northern enemy". This war would ultimately re-unite Egypt under one single reign, at whic h point Horus Khasekhem changed his name to Horus-Seth Khasekhemwi. This name combines the tr aditional Horus with Peribsen's Seth, but it would be speculation to suggest that Peribsen wa s the "northern enemy" the inscriptions refer to. The name is also modelled after the name o f the founder of the dynasty, Hotepsekhemwi and means "The two powerful ones have arisen", t o which the addition "the two lords are at peace within him" also hints at the re-unificatio n of a divided country. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/01_03/02.html)

Zanakht (Nebka) (Khaba) (Mesochris) (Sanakht) of Khasekhemwy|Pharaoh

AKA Pharaoh (Zanakht) Sanakht of Khasekhemwy birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC AKA Pharaoh (Zanakht) Mesochris of Khasekhemwy birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC AKA Pharaoh (Zanakht) Khaba of Khasekhemwy birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC < Netjerykhet (Djoser) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2611 BC marr: Associates of Pharaoh Zanakht of Khasekhemwy birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC AKA Pharaoh (Zanakht) Nebka of Khasekhemwy birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					List of Kings
					birt: deat:
				Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
				birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
			Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
			birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
		Khasekhemwy (Chasechemoui) (Khasekhem)\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
	Zanakht (Nebka) (Khaba) (Mesochris) (Sanakht) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC Nimaathapu (Nymaathep) (Hepenmaat)\|Queen marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Zanakht 2650-2630 B.C. Zanakht was the founder of the 3rd Dynasty, and was the older brother of King Djoser. Zanakht 's name is listed in the Abydos Book of Kings, the Turin Canon and in the Westcar Papyrus. Hi s tomb at Saqqara was incorporated into the Step Pyramid. SANAKHT The reign of Sanakht and its chronology are somewhat problematic. The Horus-name Sanakht ca n not be linked with certainty to any of the names mentioned in the king-lists. Based on a source that contains the Horus-name Sanakht and part of a second name that ends wi th the element "Ka", it has been suggested that Sanakht was the Horus-name of a king only kno wn in the king-lists, Nebka. According to the Turin King-list and Manetho, Nebka was a predecessor of Netjerikhet Djoser , the founder of the 3rd Dynasty. Other King-lists do not mention Nebka at all, whereas the P apyrus Westcar, listing some predecessors of Kheops, mentions Nebka after Djoser and before H uni. The archaeological sources however, show that Sanakht must be placed after Netjerikhet Djoser , who was the immediate successor of Khasekhemwi, towards the end of the dynasty and probabl y before Huni. If the idenitification of the Horus Sanakht with the Nebka from the king-list s is correct and the Turin King-list simply misplaced this king, then it is possible that San akht ruled for some 19 years. Sanakht's name has been found on the island of Elephantine, Egypt's southernmost border, an d on a fragmentary relief in the Sinai, where he is shown slaying a foe. Although this is a v ery traditional pose for a king, it is possible that this relief fragment indicates some mili tary activity by the king in the Sinai region. Sanakht's name is also present in the remains of a small pyramid built on the island of Eleph antine, Egypt's south border at that time. It appears to have been the custom during the reig ns of Huni and Snofru to built small pyramids throughout the country. The purpose of these sm all pyramids is not fully known, but the fact that remains of a similar monument of Sanakht h as been found on Elephantine may confirm that he was a predecessor of Huni. A funerary monument for Sanakht has not yet been found or identified as such. GRAPHIC: Fragmentary relief of Sanakht, found in the Sinai. It shows the king, wearing the Re d Crown, in the traditional pose of slaying an enemy. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0304_sanakht/history.html)

Netjerykhet (Djoser) of Khasekhemwy|Pharaoh

< Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC marr: < Redji of Netjerykhet\|Princess birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Netjerykhet) Djoser of Khasekhemwy birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Associates of Pharaoh Netjerykhet of Khasekhemwy birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
					birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
				Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
				birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
			Khasekhemwy (Chasechemoui) (Khasekhem)\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
		Zanakht (Nebka) (Khaba) (Mesochris) (Sanakht) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC marr:
	Netjerykhet (Djoser) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2611 BC Hetephernebty (wife of Netjerykhet)\|Queen marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
		Nimaathapu (Nymaathep) (Hepenmaat)\|Queen
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Netjerykhet (Djoser) 2630-2611 B.C. The second king of the 3rd Dynasty was Netjerykhet, the son of Khasekhemwy. Also known as Djo ser, he ruled for almost two decades and is accredited with building the Step Pyramid at Saqq ara. The king's vizier, Imhotep, was the architect of that great tomb, and of the magnificent Fune rary Complex of Djoser at Saqqara. Egypt experienced a seven year famine during Djoser's reig n, so he sought the counsel of Imhotep and one of his governors, Medir, and agreed to trave l to Elephantine at Aswan. Once there he erected a temple to the god Khnum, who was said to controlled the flow of the N ile. The famine ended, miraculously enough, and people believed it was due to this act of fai th. DJOSER Netjerikhet Djoser is the most famous king of the 3rd Dynasty. Through contemporary sources , he is only known by his Horus- and Nebti-names, Netjerikhet, "the divine of body". Later so urces, among which a New Kingdom reference on his Step Pyramid at Saqqara, confirm that the D joser from the king lists and the builder of the Step Pyramid, Netjerikhet are one and the sa me. According to the Turin King-list, Netjerikhet Djoser ruled for about 19 years, following th e 20 year long reign of the otherwise unattested Nebka. Archaeological sources, however, hav e shown that Djoser must be considered as the first king after Khasekhemwi, the last king o f the 2nd Dynasty. The order by which some predecessors of Kheops are mentioned on the Papyru s Westcar may confirm that Nebka must be placed between Djoser and Huni and not before Djoser . The fact that the Turin King-list has noted Djoser's name in red may also be significant. In view of Netjerikhet's building projects, particularly at Saqqara, the number of years cred ited to him by the Turin King-list has been doubted as well. It is not unlikely that the Turi n King-list has mistaken bi-annual cattle-counts for years. If this is indeed the case, the n Netjerikhet may have ruled up to 37 or 38 years. Nimaathapu, the wife of Khasekhemwi, is known to have held the title "Mother of the King". Th is makes it likely that Netjerikhet Djoser was her son, with Khasekhemwi his father. Three royal women are known from during his reign: Inetkawes, Hetephernebti and a third one w hose name is destroyed. One of them might have been his wife, others perhaps daughters or sis ters. The relationship between Netjerikhet and his successor, Sekhemkhet is not known. Some fragmentary reliefs found at Heliopolis and Gebelein mention Djoser’s name and are an in dication of Djoser’s building policy. An inscription claiming to date to the reign of Djoser, but actually created during the Ptole maic Dynasty, relates how Djoser rebuilt the temple of the god Khnum on the island of Elephan tine at the First Cataract and thus ended a famine in Egypt. Although this inscription is bu t a story, it does show that more than two millennia after his reign, Netjerikhet Djoser wa s still remembered on Elephantine. This at the very least indicates that he had a special sta tus on that island. It is possible that during Djoser’s reign, the country’s southern border was fixed at the Fir st Cataract. Netjerikhet Djoser’s foreign policy was one of careful establishment of Egyptian presence i n economically important places. He sent several military expeditions to the Sinai, during wh ich the local Bedouins were overthrown. The Sinai owed its importance to the Egyptian econom y for its valuable minerals turquoise and copper. It was also strategically important as a bu ffer between the Asian Bedouin and the Nile valley. Netjerikhet Djoser is mostly known as the king who commissioned the building of the Step Pyr amid at Saqqara and the temple complex surrounding it. His name is linked with that of the ar chitect who planned and constructed the first stone buildings in the world, the high-priest a nd vizier Imhotep, who also built the Step Pyramid of Djoser’s successor, Sekhemkhet. Beside s the technological advances and the Ancient Egyptian craftsmenship, the building of Djoser' s funerary complex at Saqqara also demonstrates the organisational skills of the central gove rnment. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0301_netjerikhet/history.html)

Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet|Pharaoh

AKA Pharaoh (Sekhemkhet) Djoser-Teti of Netjerykhet birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC Associates of Sekhemkhet of Netjerykhet birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC < Khaba of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2599 BC
					Second Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
					birt: 2800 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2650 BC
				Khasekhemwy (Chasechemoui) (Khasekhem)\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
			Zanakht (Nebka) (Khaba) (Mesochris) (Sanakht) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC marr:
		Netjerykhet (Djoser) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2611 BC marr:
			Nimaathapu (Nymaathep) (Hepenmaat)\|Queen
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
	Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC Intkaes (wife of Djoserteti)\|Queen marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
		Hetephernebty (wife of Netjerykhet)\|Queen
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Sekhemkhet 2611-2603 B.C. Sekhmekhet was the third king of the 3rd Dynasty. His name is carved on a cliff near Wadi Mag hara. The king has an unfinished pyramid at Saqqara with an alabaster coffin inside. SEKHEMKHET According to the Turin King-list, Netjerikhet Djoser's immediate successor, Sekhemkhet, ident ified by his personal name Djoser-Ti, ruled for only six years. His funerary monument, the Bu ried Pyramid built to the south-west of Djoser’s, was never finished, which may corroborate t he short reign credited to Sekhemkhet by the Turin King-list. If it would have been finished , however, it would have been an even more magnificent building than Djoser’s. When this mon ument was discovered, its sarcophagus was found sealed and empty. It does not appear to hav e been used. The human remains found in the South Tomb of Sekhemkhet's pyramid complex belong ed to a 2 year old child and are thus unlikely to have belonged to Sekhemkhet himself. A relief in the Wadi Maghara in the Sinai showing Sekhemkhet as an adult slaying a foe is som etimes seen as proof that Sekhemkhet was an adult during his reign. Such stereotyped represen tation, however, should be seen for what they are: conform to the canonic way of representin g a king, regardless of his actual physical state, age or even sex. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0302_sekhemkhet/history.html)

Khaba of Netjerykhet|Pharaoh

Associates of Pharaoh Khaba of Netjerykhet birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2599 BC < Huni (Nisuteh)\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2575 BC
					Khasekhemwy (Chasechemoui) (Khasekhem)\|Pharaoh
					birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
				Zanakht (Nebka) (Khaba) (Mesochris) (Sanakht) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC marr:
			Netjerykhet (Djoser) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2611 BC marr:
				Nimaathapu (Nymaathep) (Hepenmaat)\|Queen
				birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
		Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC marr:
			Hetephernebty (wife of Netjerykhet)\|Queen
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
	Khaba of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2599 BC
		Intkaes (wife of Djoserteti)\|Queen
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Khaba 2603 to 2599 B.C. Khaba was the fourth king during the 3rd Dynasty. Egyptologists discovered his named carved i nto the walls of Sahure's tomb. His name was also found at the stone bowl in Naqada. The pyra mid at Zawiet el-Aryan, in the desert of Giza, is believed to be his resting place. KHABA Even less is known about Sekhemkhet's possible successor, Khaba. In the Turin King-list, thi s king, whose name has been marked as "erased", is credited with a reign of a mere 6 years. T he fact that his name was marked as "erased" in the Turin King-list may perhaps indicate som e dynastic problems. It may also be that the composer of the Turin King-list was unable to re ad the name. Khaba built his funerary monument in Zawyet el-Aryan, about 7 km north of Saqqara. It was lef t unfinished at an early stage of its building. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0303_khaba/history.html)

Huni (Nisuteh)|Pharaoh

< Snofru (Nebmaat Snefru) of Huni\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2625 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2551 BC marr: marr: marr: < Associates of Pharaoh Huni birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Huni) Nisuteh birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Hetepheres I, daughter of Huni\|Princess birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					Zanakht (Nebka) (Khaba) (Mesochris) (Sanakht) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
					birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2630 BC marr:
				Netjerykhet (Djoser) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2611 BC marr:
					Nimaathapu (Nymaathep) (Hepenmaat)\|Queen
					birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
			Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC marr:
				Hetephernebty (wife of Netjerykhet)\|Queen
				birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
		Khaba of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2599 BC
			Intkaes (wife of Djoserteti)\|Queen
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
	Huni (Nisuteh)\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2575 BC Meresankh I (wife of Huni)\|Queen marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Huni 2599 to 2575 B.C. Huni was the fifth king of the 3rd Dynasty. He ruled the country from 2599 BC until 2575 BC . The king is responsible for the construction of a fort at Elephentine Island as well as a p yramid at Meidum. His wife was Queen Meresankh I. She was the mother of his heir, Snofru. Th e famous sage Kagemi was a Vizer of Egypt during Huni's reign. HUNI Huni is considered as the last king of the 3rd Dynasty. In the Turin Kinglist he immediatel y preceedes Snofru, the founder of the 4th Dynasty. The same Kinglist credits him with a reig n of 24 years, but there are no contemporary sources that confirm this number. The Horus-name of Huni is not known. The equation of Huni with the Horus Qa-Hedjet is not sup ported by any archaeological evidence. The remains of several small pyramids built by Huni have been found scattered throughout Egyp t. The nature of these pyramids is not fully understand, but they appear to be related to th e royal estates and domains. The assumption that Huni built the Pyramid at Meidum is based solely on the desire to hav e a large monument ascribed to this king. His name is not found in or near the monument, whic h makes it rather unlikely that he was its builder. It is, however, more likely that it was S nofru, the first king of the 4th Dynasty, who built this pyramid, since his name has been fou nd in the pyramid's vicinity. GRAPHIC: The ruins of Snofru's Pyramid at Meidum, often wrongly credited to Huni. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0305_huni/history.html)

Snofru (Nebmaat Snefru) of Huni|Pharaoh

AKA Pharaoh (Snofru) Seneferu of Huni birt: ABT 2625 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2551 BC < Khufu (Cheops) (Kheops) (Medjedu) of Snofru of Huni\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2528 BC marr: Associates of Pharaoh Snofru of Huni birt: ABT 2625 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Senti of Snofru of Huni\|Princess birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: < Nofret'kau of Snofru of Huni\|Princess birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr: Associates of Princess Hetepheres I of Huni birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Kanofer of Snofru of Huni\|Prince birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED (Son) of Snofru of Huni\|Prince birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Nefermaat of Snofru of Huni\|Prince birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Rahotep (Rehotpe) of Snofru of Huni\|Prince birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Ranofer of Snofru of Huni\|Prince birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Ankh-haf of Snofru of Huni\|Prince birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					Netjerykhet (Djoser) of Khasekhemwy\|Pharaoh
					birt: ABT 2675 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2611 BC marr:
				Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC marr:
					Hetephernebty (wife of Netjerykhet)\|Queen
					birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
			Khaba of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2599 BC
				Intkaes (wife of Djoserteti)\|Queen
				birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
		Huni (Nisuteh)\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2575 BC marr:
	Snofru (Nebmaat Snefru) of Huni\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2625 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2551 BC Hetepheres I, daughter of Huni\|Princess marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Merityetes I (wife of Snofru)\|Queen marr: birt: ABT 2625 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2551 BC Meresankh II (wife of Snofru)\|Queen marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Nofret'kau of Snofru of Huni\|Princess marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
		Meresankh I (wife of Huni)\|Queen
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Snofru 2575 to 2551 B.C. The first king of the 4th Dynasty was an active military leader. His campaigns against the Nu bians and the Libyans are recorded on the Palermo Stone. He began trade with the Mediterranea n nations and initiated a series of construction projects throughout Egypt. To supply Egypt with timber, he sent a fleet of forty ships to Lebanon. While there, he erect ed monuments to commemorate the event. He built his mortuary complex at Dashur, including th e Maidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid, and the Red Pyramid. The bent pyramid is thought to be an architectural link between the Step Pyramid and the tru e pyramids. Snofru was deified by the kings of the 12th Dynasty. Many of the rulers of that t ime built their own mortuary complexes beside his. SNOFRU Snofru, the first king of the 4th Dynasty, probably was the son of his predecessor Huni and M eresankh I, one of Huni’s secondary wives. His marriage to his half-sister, Hetepheres I, leg itimised his claim to the throne. Although the kings of the 4th Dynasty are thus descendant s of the kings of the 3rd Dynasty, Manetho justifies his placing them in a separate dynasty b ecause Snofru came from a different line in the royal family. Next to Hetepheres, Snofru was married to at least two other but unknown queens, with whom h e had several children. A first queen bore him 4 children: one whose name is unknown, Neferma at, Rahotep and Ranofer. Hetepheres only seems to have born him one child, Kheops. With his t hird wife, Snofru may have had one or two other children: Kanofer and perhaps Ankh-haf. Nefer maat and Rahotep were buried at the cemetery of Meidum, near the pyramid of Huni. This seem s to indicate that they were an older ‘generation’ of Snofru’s offspring, from before he move d to the newer burial grounds of Dashur, some 45 km to the North. According to Manetho, the first king of the 4th Dynasty ruled for 29 years, but Turin King-li st column 3, line 9 only notes 24 years. The Palermo Stone mentions a 6th to 8th cattle count , but is unfortunately fragmentary at this point. According to the same Palermo Stone, Snofru organised an expedition to Lebanon to obtain th e high quality cedar wood needed for the building of ships, holy barks and doors of palaces . He also ordered one or more military expeditions into Nubia, bringing back a large quantit y of people and cattle and is believed to be the founder of the fortress Buhen, near the 2n d cataract in Nubia. Although his presence in the Sinai is no more unusual as that of his pre decessors, he would later be worshipped as a god in this region. His internal policy seems to have been aimed at maintaining royalty and the royal family. Mos t, but not all, of the high-placed officials and nobles at his court were members of his fami ly. He was also responsible for rearranging the land ownership among his nobles, probably t o prevent them from becoming too powerful but also to stimulate the cultivation of marshes. It is generally believed that Snofru was responsible for the completion of his predecessor’ s pyramid at Meidum, although there is no evidence of Huni's involvement in the building of t hat pyramid. It is therefor possible that Snofru built the pyramid at Meidum, as well two pyr amids at Dashur. It is unknown why Snofru moved the location of the burial grounds to Dashu r and not back to the more traditional Saqqara. The angle of the sides of the southern pyramid at Dashur, believed by some to be the oldest o f the two, was changed from 54°31 to 43°21 somewhere halfway the building, resulting in the u nique shape of this so-called "Bent Pyramid". It has been argued that the angle was decrease d in order to decrease the mass of the pyramid, fearing it would crumble otherwise, or in ord er to diminish the workload. The northern pyramid is the first "true" pyramid (see Fig. Snofr u 2), with angles of 43°36. It is called the "Red Pyramid" because of the colour its stones r eflect at sunset. The fact that it has almost the same angle as the top of the Bent Pyramid , has sustained the belief that the Bent Pyramid was the oldest of the two. Snofru also became somewhat of a popular figure after his death. His monuments are mentione d in the Middle Kingdom story of Sinuhe and he himself is described as a wise and kind rule r in the story on the Westcar Papyrus. Graphic: Left: The bent Pyramid of Snofru at Dashur. Note the change in angle of the ribs, t o which this pyramid owes it's modern name. The angle was probably changed to decrease the to tal mass of the pyramid and to prevent it from collapsing under its own weight. Right: The Red pyramid of Snofru, also at Dashur. It is believed ithat of all the pyramids th at were built during Snofru's reign, this was the one in which he was finally buried. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0401_snofru/history.html)

Khufu (Cheops) (Kheops) (Medjedu) of Snofru of Huni|Pharaoh

Menkhaf of Khufu of Snofru\|Vizier birt: ABT 2575 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Radjedef (Djedefre) (Kheper) (Redjedef) of Khufu of Snofru\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2575 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2520 BC < Khafre (Chephren) (Khephren) (Re-khaf) (Userib) of Khufu of Snofru\|Pharaoh birt: ABT 2575 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2494 BC marr: marr: marr: < Kewab (Kawab) of Khufu of Snofru\|Prince birt: ABT 2575 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Hetepheres II of Khufu of Snofru\|Princess birt: ABT 2575 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Khamernebti I (Khamerernebty) of Khufu of Snofru\|Princess birt: ABT 2575 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED Associates of Princess Senti of Snofru birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Associates of Pharaoh Khufu of Snofru birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED < Khufu-khaf of Khufu of Snofru\|Prince birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Khufu) Cheops of Snofru birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED AKA Pharaoh (Khufu) Kheops of Snofru birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
					birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC marr:
				Khaba of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2599 BC
					Intkaes (wife of Djoserteti)\|Queen
					birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
			Huni (Nisuteh)\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2575 BC marr:
		Snofru (Nebmaat Snefru) of Huni\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2625 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2551 BC marr: marr: marr: marr:
			Meresankh I (wife of Huni)\|Queen
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
	Khufu (Cheops) (Kheops) (Medjedu) of Snofru of Huni\|Pharaoh
	birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2528 BC Meritates II (Merityetes II)\|Queen marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Henutsen (wife of Khufu)\|Queen marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED Senti of Snofru of Huni\|Princess marr: birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
					Sekhemkhet (Djoser-Teti) (Skhemkhet) of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
					birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2603 BC marr:
				Khaba of Netjerykhet\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2650 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2599 BC
					Intkaes (wife of Djoserteti)\|Queen
					birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:
			Huni (Nisuteh)\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2600 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2575 BC marr:
		Hetepheres I, daughter of Huni\|Princess
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED marr:

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Khufu (Cheops) 2551 to 2528 B.C. Cheops was the second king of the 4th Dynasty and was the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giz a. Khufu was succeeded by Radjedef, his son by a lessor wife, whose reign was abruptly ended . He was succeeded by Khephren, Khufu's son by Queen Henutsen. A miniature statue of Khufu i s on display at the Cairo Museum. This is the only likeness of him known to be in existence. Kheops Kheops is the second and most famous king of the 4th Dynasty. He was the son of Snofru and He tepheres I. He at least had two wives, probably even as much as four, with whom he had severa l children. Queen Meritates bore him Kawab, Hor-djedef, Hetepheres II and Meresankh II. Wit h Henutsen, Kheops had Re-khaf (the later king Khephren) and Khufu-khaf as children. Other ch ildren of Kheops are Re-djedef, who would succeed Kheops as Djedefre, Hor-baf, who is sometim es supposed to have become the otherwise unattested king Bakare, and Khamernebti I. According to Manetho and Herodotos, Kheops would have ruled for 63 years. The Turin King-list , however, only notes 23 years for the successor of Snofru. Although the name of the king o n this line is missing, it does apply to Kheops, being Snofru’s successor. Like his father, Kheops seems to have been intent on establishing a more or less permanent mi litary presence in the Sinai, probably to prevent the Bedouins from interrupting the work i n the turquoise mines. An inscription in Aswan demonstrates Kheops’ interest in this region a s well, as it was the main quarry of the granite needed to build his pyramid. A stela found n ear Abu Simbel and some fragments of an alabaster object found in Byblos, indicate some comme rcial activity with Nubia and Palestine. Following his father's example, Kheops again built his funerary monument away from his predec essor’s. Building activity was moved from Dashur to Giza, to the North of the capital Memphis . There he built the monument that has made him one of the most famous kings of the Ancient E gyptian history: the great pyramid of Giza. Herodotos’ account of thousands of slaves labouri ng for 20 years to build this monument, is now seen as incorrect. It is now accepted that th e harder labour, such as moving and placing the granite and calcite blocks, was done by farme rs during the annual 4-month inundation of the Nile. Recent discoveries have shown that the y were housed and paid and that they were even buried near the pyramid of the king, so that t hey could be part of the king’s eternal life after death. Herodotos, however, did not invent Kheops’ bad reputation. This had, in fact, become part o f the Egyptian tradition centuries before this Greek traveller visited Egypt. The Middle King dom story recorded on the Westcar Papyrus, which shows Snofru as a wise and kind man, describ es Kheops as a cruel and tyrannical ruler, with no respect for life. (http://www.ancient-egypt.org/kings/0402_kheops/history.html)