AKA Pharaoh (Senusret I) Kheperkare of Amenemhet I

 
 Senusret I (father of Amenemhet I) 
 birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
 Amenemhet I (Sehetepibre) (Amunemhet) (Wehem-mesut) of Senusret I|Pharaoh 
 birt: ABT 1975 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1908 BC
marr:
marr:
marr:
 
  Nefret (Nofret) (mother of Amenemhet I) 
 birt: Elephantine, Egypt
deat: DECEASED
 Senusret I (Sesostris I) (Oswiris) (Kheperkare) (Senwosret) of Amenemhet I of Ahiran I|Pharaoh 
 birt: ABT 1950 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1899 BC
 
  Neferytotenen (Nefrutoteen) (Nefrytatenen)|Queen 
 birt: ABT 1975 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 AKA Pharaoh (Senusret I) Kheperkare of Amenemhet I 
birt: ABT 1950 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1899 BC
 
 Nefru (Neferushery) (wife of Senusret I)|Queen 
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

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Shebitku (Djedkaura) (Shabataka)|Pharaoh

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-fifth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0712 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0657 BC
 Shebitku (Djedkaura) (Shabataka)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0690 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0707/0706-0690 BC

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Notes:

Source: Online Wikipedia Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebitku . Ruled 0707/0706–0690 BC according to Dan'el Kahn[65


Taharqa (Nefertumkhura)|Pharaoh


< Associates of Pharaoh Taharqa
birt: Egypt
deat: 0664 BC

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-fifth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0712 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0657 BC
 Taharqa (Nefertumkhura)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0664 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0690 - 0664 BC

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Notes:

Source: Online Wikipedia Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taharqa . Ruled 0690 – 0664 BC


Tantamani (Bakara) Tanwetamani (Tementhes)|Pharaoh

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-fifth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0712 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0657 BC
 Tantamani (Bakara) Tanwetamani (Tementhes)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0657 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0664 - 0653 BC

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Notes:

Source: Online Wikipedia Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantamani . lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in th at year. Ruled 0664 – 0653 BC


Associates of Pharaoh Amenepome of Psusennes I

 
 Piankh of Herihor Si-amun|High Priest|High Priest of Amon
 birt: ABT 1125 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1070 BC
marr:
 Pinedjem I of Piankh of Herihor|High Priest|Pharaoh of Egypt, Meryamun Khakheperre Setepenamun 
 birt: ABT 1100 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1032 BC
 
  Hrere (daughter of Hrior )|)|Hrere of Egypt
 birt: 1115 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 Psusennes I (Aakheperra) (Setpenamun) (Pasebakhaenniut) of Pinedjem I of Piankh|Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Egypt 
 birt: ABT 1075
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 Amenope (Amenepome) (Setepenamun) of Psusennes I|Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Egypt 
 birt: Egypt
deat: 0984 BC
 
   Piankh of Herihor Si-amun|High Priest|High Priest of Amon
   birt: ABT 1125 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1070 BC
marr:
   Pinedjem I of Piankh of Herihor|High Priest|Pharaoh of Egypt, Meryamun Khakheperre Setepenamun 
   birt: ABT 1100 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1032 BC
 
    Hrere (daughter of Hrior )|)|Hrere of Egypt
   birt: 1115 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
  Mutnodjme, daughter of Pinedjem I of Piankh 
 birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 Associates of Pharaoh Amenepome of Psusennes I 
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

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AKA Pharaoh (Psammetichus II) Psamtik II of Necho II

 
 List of Kings
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-sixth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0664 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0525 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0672 - 0525 BC
 Psammetichus II (Neferibra) (Psamtik II) (Psamtek) of Necho II of Psammetichus I|King|Nefer.ib.re' Psamtek of Necho (II) 
 birt: 0625 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0595 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0595 - 0589 BC|Other sources list death date of 589 BC
marr:
 AKA Pharaoh (Psammetichus II) Psamtik II of Necho II 
birt: 0625 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0595 BC

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AKA Pharaoh Amenemope of Psusennes I

 
 Piankh of Herihor Si-amun|High Priest|High Priest of Amon
 birt: ABT 1125 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1070 BC
marr:
 Pinedjem I of Piankh of Herihor|High Priest|Pharaoh of Egypt, Meryamun Khakheperre Setepenamun 
 birt: ABT 1100 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1032 BC
 
  Hrere (daughter of Hrior )|)|Hrere of Egypt
 birt: 1115 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 Psusennes I (Aakheperra) (Setpenamun) (Pasebakhaenniut) of Pinedjem I of Piankh|Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Egypt 
 birt: ABT 1075
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 Amenope (Amenepome) (Setepenamun) of Psusennes I|Pharaoh|Pharaoh of Egypt 
 birt: Egypt
deat: 0984 BC
 
   Piankh of Herihor Si-amun|High Priest|High Priest of Amon
   birt: ABT 1125 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1070 BC
marr:
   Pinedjem I of Piankh of Herihor|High Priest|Pharaoh of Egypt, Meryamun Khakheperre Setepenamun 
   birt: ABT 1100 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1032 BC
 
    Hrere (daughter of Hrior )|)|Hrere of Egypt
   birt: 1115 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
  Mutnodjme, daughter of Pinedjem I of Piankh 
 birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 AKA Pharaoh Amenemope of Psusennes I 
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

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Amasis II (Chenibra Amose-si-Neith)|Pharaoh

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-sixth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0664 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0525 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0672 - 0525 BC
 Amasis II (Chenibra Amose-si-Neith)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0526 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0570 - 526 BC

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Notes:

Source: Online Wikipedia Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_II . He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek hist orian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III. Ruled 0570 - 526 BC


Psammetichus III (Psamtik III) (Anchkaenra)|Pharaoh


AKA Pharaoh (Psammetichus III) Psamtik III
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-sixth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0664 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0525 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0672 - 0525 BC
 Psammetichus III (Psamtik III) (Anchkaenra)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0525 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0526 - 0525 BC

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Notes:

Source: Online Wikipedia Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_III . Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Bat tle of Pelusium and subsequently executed. Ruled 0526 - 0525 BC


Associates of Princess Atossa of Cyrus II

 
 Associates of King Zedekiah ben Josiah
 birt: ABT 0625 BC
plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel
deat: DECEASED
 Nebuchadnezzar II (Nabuchadrezzer) (Nabu-Na'id) (Nabu-Kudurri Usur) (Nabu-Kudurri-User) (Nidintu-Bel) of Nabopolassar|King|(Nabonidus) (Labynetus I) (Nabonedochos) (Nabonnidechus) (Nabunaita) 
 birt: 0630 BC
plac: Babylon
deat: 0539 BC
 Associates of King Nebuchadnezzar II of Nabopolassar 
 birt: ABT 0630 BC
plac: Babylon
deat: 0539 BC
 Cambyses II (Kambujiya) (Arshama) of Cyrus II of Cambyses I|King|King Cambyses II (530-522 BC) 
 birt: 0588 BC
plac: Persia (Iran)||The name of Cambyse II's mother is not known. The Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassu|s calls her Cassandane, but Ctesias of Cnidus states she was Amytis, the daughter of the las|t king of independent Media, Astyages.||550 BC
deat: 0522 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0525 - 0521 BC|518/517 BC
marr:
marr:
marr:
 Associates of Princess Atossa of Cyrus II 
birt:
deat: DECEASED
 
  Cyrus II (Kurush) (Kuruš) (Kores) of Cambyses I of Cyrus I|King|Cyrus the Great|King of Persia (538 BC-530 BC) 
  birt: 0585 BC
plac: Persia (Iran)
deat: 0530 BC/529 BC
plac: Asia
marr:
 Atossa (Hutaosâ), daughter of Cyrus II of Cambyses I|Princess|Princess of Persia 
birt: 0550 BC
plac: Persia (Iran)
deat: DECEASED
marr:
marr:

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Associates of Pharaoh Inyotef I of Montuhotep I

 
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Eleventh Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 2074 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1937 BC
 Montuhotep I (Tepia Mentuhotep I)|Pharaoh 
 birt: ABT 2100 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 1986 BC
marr:
 Inyotef I (Sehertawy) (Sehertowy) of Montuhotep I|Pharaoh 
 birt: ABT 2075 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 2064 BC
 
  Neferu I (wife of Montuhotep I)|Queen 
 birt: ABT 2100 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 Associates of Pharaoh Inyotef I of Montuhotep I 
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

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AKA King (Darius III) Darius Codomannus of Arsames

 
 Greco-Roman Rulers of Egypt
 birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED
 Alexander III of Philip II of Amyntas III|King|King of Macedonia 
 birt: Jul 0356 BC
plac: Pella, Macedonia, Greece|Alexander by Plutarch|75 AD|ALEXANDER|356-323 B.C.|by Plutarch|translated by John Dryden|ALEXANDER -|IT being my purpose to write the lives of Alexander the king, and of Caesar, by whom Pompey w|as destroyed, the multitude of their great actions affords so large a field that I were to bl|ame if I should not by way of apology forewarn my reader that I have chosen rather to epitomi|ze the most celebrated parts of their story, than to insist at large on every particular circ|umstance of it. It must be borne in mind that my design is not to write histories, but lives.|...|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Alexander/)|Sacred Texts <../../index.htm> Judaism <../index.htm> Index Previous Next ||p. 8|ALEXANDER OF MACEDON|THE great conqueror Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who, at the instigation of t|he Persians, was assassinated by Pisanius, when yet a boy showed great thirst for conquest. W|hen he heard of his father's conquests he wept bitterly, complaining that by the time he assu|med the crown there would be so little for him to conquer. He was barely twenty years old whe|n he ascended the throne, but he knew well how to make his power felt. He soon conquered th|e Thracians, as well as the rebellious Thebans, and his heroic qualities developed so rapidl|y that he was appointed by the Greeks as military chief in their wars against the Persians. U|ninterrupted success followed his arms, and had he not died at a comparatively early age he w|ould probably have conquered what was then known as the whole world. His victory over the Per|sian General Memnon, on the river Granicus, in the North-West of Asia Minor, opened for him t|he road into the interior of further Asia. He was not slow to take advantage of the opportuni|ty, and pushed rapidly through the States of Asia Minor, through Lydia and Ionia to Pamphylia|. In the latter, near Issus, he gained a brilliant victory over Darius the Third, also know|n as Codomanus, who narrowly escaped death, leaving his mother, his wife and his children i|n the hands of the conqueror.|The Macedonian hero, with his troops intoxicated with victory after victory, now entered Syri|a, not so much in pursuit of Darius as with a view to extending|p. 9|his conquests. He took Damascus and Sidon, and attacked Tyre, so as to become master of the s|ea also.|That city, however, being very strongly fortified, and being on one side protected by the sea|, offered a stubborn resistance, and Alexander found himself compelled to embark on a long si|ege. In order to prevent any untoward event during the siege, Alexander was anxious to ensur|e immunity from the neighbouring State.|He therefore sent a message to Jerusalem, with a letter to the High Priest Jedua with the fol|lowing requests: (1) To supply him with troops; (2) to allow free traffic between the Macedon|ian army and Jerusalem; (3) to give him every possible assistance, such as had been granted t|o Darius. A hint was also thrown out that the High Priest would do well to consider whose fri|endship and goodwill was of greater value--that of the victor, or that of the vanquished.|The letter further expressed Alexander's anticipation of having these modest requests granted|, and assured the Jews that they would have no reason to regret compliance. The Jews could no|t but know that it would be greatly to their advantage to be on good terms with this famous h|ero, and that the beaten Persian could neither benefit nor injure them. Yet they did not fee|l justified in deserting the Persians. The High Priest therefore indited something like the f|ollowing answer:--|'Recognition and high esteem are undoubtedly due to so glorious a hero, yet for the present t|he Jews of Jerusalem cannot comply with his wishes, for these reasons: We Jews have promise|d our loyalty, on our oath, to Darius. So long as that Prince lives the oath has its force, a|nd the Jews could commit no sin so grievous as wilful perjury, seeing that one of their comma|ndments, with which God has entrusted them, is this: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lor|d thy God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless|p. 10|that taketh His name in vain."' The High Priest moreover mentioned instances--such as Zedekia|h, the last King of Judah, who became disloyal to the Babylonian ruler, his former allegianc|e notwithstanding, and brought calamity upon himself and upon Judea. He further pointed out t|hat Moses' teaching tends to show that the God of Israel is a God of Truth, that treachery an|d untruth bring misfortune on those who practise them, and that it is incumbent on every tru|e adherent of the teaching of Moses to avoid all falsehood and duplicity. Alexander would per|haps have been satisfied with the explanation offered by the High Priest Jedua, had it not be|en for the Samaritans, who, whilst practising all sorts of idolatry, were at the same time an|xious to unite with the Jews, and to be considered as a portion of that body. When the Jews r|epudiated them, they sought to set up a temple of their own on the model of the Jerusalem Tem|ple. Menasseh, a brother of Jedua, formerly a priest, having married a Samaritan woman, the d|aughter of a Samaritan governor, was deprived of his office of priest in the temple, and wa|s naturally all the more anxious to set up an opposition temple, in which he could exercise h|is priestly function. The Samaritans therefore strained every nerve to excite Alexander's ill|will against the Jews, and to obtain his sanction for the erection of a temple on Mount Geriz|im.|Sanblat, the Governor of Samaria, and father-in-law of Menasseh, the expelled priest, sough|t audience of Alexander, and took the opportunity to give his version of the motives of Jedua|, the High Priest, in refusing Alexander's requests. He maintained that loyalty to Darius wa|s not the motive of the refusal, as the Jews, he said, knew nothing of loyalty, but, on the c|ontrary, would overthrow every throne not occupied by one of their own people if they had th|e power. He said that they were priest-ridden, and that if there were any who|p. 11|would join his (Alexander's) army, they dared not venture it, as that would exclude them fro|m participating in the Temple service, which to them meant moral death. If he (the Macedonian|) would only secure an alternative to the Jerusalem Temple by sanctioning the opposition Temp|le which the Samaritans were anxious to set up, this would bring large numbers from Jerusale|m to the new Temple; and the newcomers, no longer fearing exclusion from the Jerusalem servic|e, would gladly join with the Samaritans the banner of the great conqueror Alexander. It is p|erhaps not surprising that the Macedonian conqueror was much impressed with this plausible ve|rsion, especially when the Samaritans, as an earnest of their acceptance of and adhesion to t|he new state of affairs, deserted en masse the ranks of the crushed Darius, and went over t|o Alexander's army.|The desired permission for the building of the Gerizim Temple was granted, and the work was t|aken in band. Soon afterwards, however, the governor, who was a man of advanced age, died. Ty|re could no longer resist the severe siege, and, as predicted by the prophet (Is. 27), it cap|itulated. Indescribable slaughter and ravage took place within its walls; the town was laid i|n ruins, and its heroes were either slaughtered or taken as slaves.|Alexander now turned his attention to the punishment of the Jews, and started with his ever-v|ictorious army for Jerusalem. When the news of the approach of Alexander and his formidable a|rmy reached Jerusalem, there was consternation, and despair ruled supreme amongst the inhabit|ants, one and all. The Jews took refuge, as ever, in their religion; prayer, fasting, sackclo|th and ashes were the order of the day. Confession of sin and repentance were practised dail|y by almost every person. When Alexander was but about one day's distance from Jerusalem, th|e High Priest and Elders of the Temple had the streets of the|p. 12|city beautifully decorated, the public buildings as well as the private residences were magni|ficently adorned, and they ordered the inhabitants to form two lines in the streets--one oppo|site the other--the people to appear in their holiday attire. The gates of the city were bede|cked with garlands of the finest flowers, and triumphal arches were erected. The priests, th|e Levites and the Elders, at their head the venerable High Priest Jedua in full priestly robe|s, mitre, ephod and breastplate, made their way, towards evening, to the entrance of the city|, carrying torches and candles in their hands, and a light was thrown on the brilliant assemb|ly such as eclipsed the noonday brightness of a magnificent summer's day.|Soon after their arrival at the gate, Alexander, at the head of his army, made his appearance|. He was quite astonished at the sight that met his view, and seemed to be overwhelmed on beh|olding the grand and imposing assembly that came to meet him. When he saw the High Priest, wh|o looked even as an angel in his garments, Alexander dismounted, as though impelled by an ins|tinct, bowed himself reverently, and proclaimed aloud: 'Blessed be the God whose servant yo|u are.' His army, however, having anticipated plunder rather than the sight before them, coul|d ill conceal their bewilderment at the strange turn of affairs. They could hardly believe, o|n the evidence of their own senses, that their proud monarch should bend his head so humbly a|nd so reverently before the High Priest. One of Alexander's confidential and favourite office|rs, Parmenion by name, ventured at last to ask the King why he, the proud conqueror, showed s|uch marked honour and deference to the Jewish priest.|'Listen, then,' replied Alexander, 'and I will tell you of a wonderful experience of mine. Wh|ile I was still in Macedonia I often lay awake at night, when all else was at rest, thinkin|g of a plan by which to gain mastery|p. 13|of Asia. One evening, when my thoughts were more than usually occupied with this fond schem|e of mine, I fell, exhausted by this mental strain, into a deep slumber, and saw in a visio|n an awe-inspiring man standing before me. The very sight of him seemed to instil into me cou|rage and hope, and, as though reading my very thoughts, he advised me to cross the borders o|f Greece without further hesitation, and assured me of the success of my projected undertakin|g. That vision of mine was no myth, no nightmare, not the mere phantasy of a heated brain; fo|r not only have I, since that vision, never met with anything but victory, but in the hoar-he|aded and venerable servant of the Jewish God, in his attire and in his bearing, I see no othe|r than the man of my vision. Shall I not then revere the man who was the messenger of his Go|d to lead me to victory? I am equally convinced that my destiny is to overthrow Darius, and f|or that purpose I was called to undertake this venture, and the appearance of this holy man f|oretells complete success.' After this explanation, Alexander entered Jerusalem, accompanie|d by the Jewish dignitaries who came to meet him. He was welcomed and cheered throughout by t|he population of the city. His first request was to be taken to the Temple, where he anxiousl|y inquired concerning the ceremonies and sacrifices and the manner of the services.|His curiosity was gladly satisfied, and the High Priest directed his attention also to the pa|ssage in Daniel 8. 5, where it is foretold that a Greek ruler (which term the High Priest app|lied to Alexander) would overthrow the Persian kingdom, and Alexander was exceedingly please|d with all he saw and heard. The following day the Macedonian hero summoned all the priests a|nd elders, and asked them to tell him, without restraint and hesitation, what they wished o|f him as a token of his great satisfaction at the reception given him, and as a mark of his h|igh estimation of their|p. 14|services and organization. The High Priest, who was the spokesman, asked his Majesty to gran|t them the free and unhindered exercise of their religious rites, and to waive the payment o|f taxes in the Sabbatical year, when, according to the law of Moses, no agricultural pursuit|s were allowed, and consequently there was no revenue from their lands. This was at once gran|ted; but Alexander observed from Jedua's demeanour that there was some further favour he wish|ed to obtain, but that the good man was reluctant to name it. He therefore requested the Hig|h Priest to lay all his wishes before him. The High Priest then ventured to ask that the grea|t monarch might extend his permission regarding the exercise of the religious rites by his Je|wish subjects to all other parts of his wide dominions, such as Babylon and Media, and this w|as also cheerfully granted by the great Alexander. At the express wish of the Macedonian warr|ior, a large number of the most valiant of the Jewish community joined his army, and he gav|e them permission to follow their religious observances in the camp. As a further favour, Ale|xander requested that his likeness might be framed and placed in the Temple. It was pointed o|ut to him that the Jews were strictly forbidden to have pictures and likenesses of anything w|hatever in their places of worship, and, in lieu of this, it was suggested (1) that all mal|e children born in that year throughout Jerusalem should be named Alexander, and (2) that th|e Jews should adopt a new era called the Alexander Era. That era was to commence with Octobe|r 1 of the year 312 before the Christian era. This suggestion met with Alexander's approval|, and up to the eleventh century of the Christian era this method of reckoning the years wa|s actually in force, and was known as the Era of Documents. 1|With Alexander's entry into Jerusalem began a very|p. 15|considerable improvement in the condition of the Jews. 1 The Samaritans used every subterfug|e in order to be recognized as Jews by the Macedonian hero, so that they might enjoy the priv|ileges and advantages bestowed on the latter, but they failed to convince Alexander, who reme|mbered their efforts to prejudice him against the Jews, that they were of the same people. 'I|f you are indeed Jews,' he asked, 'how is it that you are not known by that name?' 'We are,|' they insisted, 'descendants of the Patriarch Jacob, and Israel's God is our God; but the Si|domites call us Samaritans, and we are also known to them by the name of Shechemites, after o|ur capital Shechem.'|Alexander was not satisfied with their answer, and told them that he could not recognize the|m as Jews, and to the Jews alone he had granted the privileges which the Samaritans sought t|o obtain. He asked them to leave the matter in abeyance till his return from the long journe|y he was about to undertake, and on his return he would thoroughly investigate their claim, a|nd then see that justice was done to them. The Samaritans were dissatisfied with Alexander'|s treatment of them, and they rebelled and burned the Governor Andromachus in his own palace|. Alexander's anger at this was very great; he returned, put to death the leaders, exiled a n|umber of Samaritans to Egypt, where they formed a colony in Thebais, and handed a large numbe|r of them over to the Jews as slaves, as a reward for their tried loyalty.|Alexander of Macedonia, be it remembered, was by no means a mere uncouth warrior whose knowle|dge did not extend beyond the narrow compass of the battlefield, for the vast dominion of ar|t and science was an open book to him. From his thirteenth to his eighteenth|p. 16|year he was a pupil of Aristotle, who guided him through all branches of wisdom and knowledge|, and inspired in him a love for Homer's works, which in fact he always carried with him. A|s a consequence, he naturally had a longing for intercourse with the educated and learned me|n of every place which he visited. Arrived in the South, his first step was to have the men d|istinguished for their wisdom brought before him. To them he put the following ten questions|: (1) Which is the longer distance--from the earth to the skies, or from the east of the worl|d to the west? Answer: The last-mentioned is the longer, because if the sun stands in the Eas|t or in the West, then he is perceived in the half of each sphere; but if he is in the centr|e of the sky, then he is not visible everywhere. Consequently he must be higher in the forme|r case than in the latter. (2) Which was created first--the heavens or the earth? Answer: Th|e Almighty clearly commenced His work with the heavens, for is it not said, 'In the beginnin|g God created the heavens and the earth'? (3) Who is truly wise? Answer: He who can foresee t|he result of his acts is truly a wise man. (4) Who is truly strong? Answer: Strength is in th|e possession of him who can overcome his passions. (5) Who can be considered truly rich? Answ|er: Truly rich is he who possesses contentment. (6) How can man acquire true life? Answer: Tr|ue life can be obtained by deadening one's passions. (7) What hastens man's death? Answer: In|dulgence in earthly pleasures. (8) How can man obtain the love of his fellow-men? Answer: B|y not seeking supremacy over them. Alexander felt himself hit by this answer, and said, 'I a|m not of your opinion in this respect. My idea is that, in order to obtain the love of one'|s fellow-man, one must acquire might and power, and use them with discretion.' (9) Which is t|he more agreeable abode--on land or water? Answer: Surely on land, because seafaring men ar|e not happy and contented|p. 17|till they reach land. (10) Who amongst you is considered the wisest? Answer: In this respec|t we are unable to give any one the preference, as you may have observed that our answers wer|e unanimous and simultaneous.|Alexander proceeded in argument with the wise men. 'Why,' he asked, 'are you so averse to hea|thenism, seeing that the heathens greatly outnumber you?' To which he received the reply tha|t it is just the multitude, the masses, who are apt to lose sight of truth, and it is only gi|ven to a comparative few to perceive and understand pure truth. 'But,' he continued, 'it is i|n my power to destroy the whole of you.' 'No doubt,' was the answer, 'you possess the power t|o do so, but we are not apprehensive on that point, having once received the promise of you|r protection.' He then consulted them concerning his projected journey to Africa. The wise me|n answered, 'That you cannot reach, as it lies beyond the dark mountains, which no human foo|t can traverse.' The king seemed to be piqued by this, and said, 'I do not ask you whethe|r I shall or can traverse those mountains. My mind is made up, and there is no resistance t|o my will. What I want to know is the best means known to man for undertaking this formidabl|e expedition.' The wise men advised him to the best of their knowledge. Part of their advic|e was to procure certain draught animals from Libya, which possess the faculty of seeing thei|r way in darkness. The king, having adopted all the necessary measures, started for Africa. H|e arrived at a place called the land of Amazon, whose inhabitants consisted only of women, t|o whom he sent a declaration of war. The women sent a message to him that a war with them cou|ld only be an inglorious one, inasmuch as if he were victorious a victory over women could no|t bring him either fame or honour; whereas if they should be victorious, that would surely br|ing disgrace upon him.|p. 18|The king saw the wisdom of their argument, and gave up the idea of war, but bade them suppl|y him with bread. The women brought him lumps of gold in the shape of loaves of bread. The ki|ng said in amazement 'Do you use this metal as bread?' They answered 'You surely have not com|e all this distance merely for bread; is there no bread in your own country?'|Alexander took his departure thence, but, before starting, he wrote on the gate of the city|: 'I, Alexander of Macedonia, was a simpleton until I arrived at this gate, where I learnt wi|sdom from women.' He next arrived at Katzia, where also he was met with presents of gold. '|I want no gold of yours,' said Alexander to the chief. 'And to what other purpose have you co|me all this great distance?' was the answer, given in the shape of a question. 'I have come,|' said Alexander, 'to become acquainted with your manners and customs, especially with your a|dministration of justice.'|A remarkable case of litigation happened to be in progress in the place at this time. A man w|ho had bought a house of another found in its precincts a treasure-trove, which he took bac|k to the seller, saying: 'This is yours; I bought the house only, and not what may be found i|n it.' The other, in refusing to accept the proffered treasure, argued that he sold the house|, and the buyer was the rightful owner of all that might be found in it. The judge gave his d|ecision that the son of the purchaser of the house should marry the daughter of the seller, a|nd the young couple should receive the treasure as a dowry. As Alexander expressed his wonde|r at and approval of the wise verdict, he was asked by the judge how a similar suit would b|e decided in his own country. 'In my country,' replied Alexander, 'the treasure would be take|n by the Crown, and both parties would be deterred by the threat of death from laying any cla|im to it.' 'How,' said the judge, 'have you also rain and sunshine in your|p. 19|country?' 'Surely,' replied Alexander. 'And you possess also animals and fowls?' 'Why not?' a|sked the Macedonian. 'Then,' remarked the judge, I must suppose that the purpose of the rai|n and sunshine in your land is to sustain those harmless creatures; for you, the human inhabi|tants, judging by your perverseness and injustice, are unworthy of such blessed gifts of natu|re.'|One day they arrived at a river, and as his servants were washing off the salt of the fish, w|hich they carried with them for their august master, in the water of the river, they saw tha|t life was returning to the fishes. When the marvellous event was reported to Alexander, he d|etermined to find the source of that river. He pursued his way, and at last found a gate, whe|re he demanded admittance. The answer he received to his demand was: 'This is the gate of th|e Lord; the righteous shall enter therein,' and he concluded that it must be the gate of Para|dise. As all his pleadings did not gain him admittance, he asked for some article from the pl|ace as a token of his having arrived there. A lump of gold in the shape of a human eye was ha|nded out to him, and on putting it in the scales to ascertain its remarkable weight, he foun|d that whatever weight he might put on the opposite scale, it would not turn the scale on whi|ch the golden eye was put. As soon as he met with the Rabbis again, he asked them to unriddl|e this remarkable thing. The Rabbis told him to put a little earth over the eye, and its weig|ht would vanish. They explained that the eye was a perfect type of the human eye, which, as t|he wise king tells us (Prov. 27.), is never satisfied, until a little earth is put over it (i|n death), and its everlasting hunger ceases. 1|p. 20|Alexander returned home from his great adventures through the wilderness and went to Egypt, w|here he built the city of Alexandria. He was anxious for the Jews, whom he held in high estee|m for their bravery and loyalty, to be among the settlers of the great city. Once, some Afric|an tribe and some descendants of Ishmael laid complaints before him against the Jews. The Afr|icans claimed the possession of Palestine, basing their claim on Numbers 34. 2 and on their b|eing descendants of Canaan; they maintained that they had an undisputed right to the countr|y of their ancestor. The sons of Ishmael, too, put in a claim to the possession of at leas|t a portion of Palestine, as the land was promised to their grandfather Abraham (Gen. 25. 13)|. And so the Egyptians bethought themselves of their claim against the Jews, and referred als|o to a Scriptural passage (Exod. 12. 36).|Alexander had the elders of the Jews summoned to him, and mentioned the claims of the respect|ive parties against them. The Jews selected one named Gebeha, son of Psisa, as their defender|. He faced the plaintiffs, and said: 'You have each based your claims on Scripture; I, too, w|ill plead against you out of the books of Moses, our lawgiver. Regarding the Canaanites, we h|ave it in Genesis 9. 25 that Canaan was cursed and was made a slave to his brothers. A slav|e can possess no property of his own. As to the demand of the Ishmaelites, we have it also o|n the same authority (Gen. 25. 5) that Abraham presented Isaac with all his possessions, an|d to the children of his concubines he made presents and sent them away from his son Isaac.|'Against the claims of the Egyptians, we have a huge counterclaim. The second book of Moses m|entions the|p. 21|time of the Jewish compulsory servitude in Egypt as 430 years. We are fully prepared to resto|re the value of what we carried away from Egypt, if the Egyptians will pay us the wages of 60|0,000 men, whom they compelled to work for them for the period mentioned.'|Alexander demanded a reply on the part of the three claimants against the Jewish arguments, w|ithin three days, if they did not wish to be punished for making fictitious claims.|Nothing more was heard of the claims. 1 The Jews rose in Alexander's esteem daily, and he gav|e them the most beautiful part of the city, on the banks of the river, as their quarter, an|d granted them the full rights of citizenship. The Jewish community increased greatly in weal|th and numbers. A year later, at the battle of Arbela, a town in Chaldea, Alexander entirel|y annihilated the Persian empire. After more wars and conquests, he died suddenly at the ag|e of thirty-three. His death was brought about as much by revelry as by his many cares and bo|dily exhaustion. Some of his generals contended for his throne; he was left unburied for som|e time, and eventually no royal burial was his portion. The Macedonian monarchy was divided a|mongst four of his generals.--Midr. Rabba Gen. 33; Lev. 27. and Tanchuma Emmor, etc.||Footnotes|14:1 See Rapoport's Erech Millin, page 73.|15:1 There is a difference in the dates mentioned in the Talmud. In Taanis it i|s stated as the 21st Kislev, and in Yoma 69 as the 28th of Tebeth.|19:1 This allegory was conspicuously applicable to Alexander's career and charact|er. However extensive were his conquests, he longed for more and was never satisfied, not eve|r after the p. 20 plundering of Asia, not after receiving, in consequence of his great conque|sts, the appellation of 'the great.' But with his death, his and his country's greatness ceas|ed, the monstrous possessions were cut up, and none of his kin ascended the throne.|21:1 Different dates are given for the above event. In Sanhed 91. it is given a|s the 24th of Nisson, and in Taanis as the 25th of Sivon.||Next: Demons |(http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tmm/tmm03.htm)
deat: 10 Jun 0323 BC
marr:
marr:
 Associates of King Alexander III of Philip II 
 birt: ABT 0356 BC
plac: Macedon
deat: DECEASED
 
   Oxanthres of Darius II of Artaxerxes I|Prince|Prince of Persia
   birt: ABT 0450 BC
plac: Sogdia
deat: DECEASED
  Roxanna (Roxane) (Roxana), daughter of Oxathres of Darius II|Princess 
 birt: ABT 0400 BC
plac: Persia (Iran)
deat: DECEASED
marr:
 Darius III Codomannus of Arsames of Ostanes|King 
 birt: ABT 0380 BC
plac: Persia (Iran)|Neh 12:22|The Levites in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and Jaddua, [were] recorded chief o|f the fathers: also the priests, to the reign of Darius the Persian.
deat: 0332 BC
 AKA King (Darius III) Darius Codomannus of Arsames 
birt: ABT 0380 BC
plac: Persia (Iran)
deat: 0332 BC
 
 Stateira I, daughter of Arsames of Ostanes 
birt: ABT 0380 BC
plac: Persia (Iran)
deat: DECEASED

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Associates of Teos I of Nectanebo I

 
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deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Thirtieth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0380 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0343 BC
 Teos (Tachos) (Irmaatenra Djeho) of Nectanebo I|Pharaoh 
 birt: Egypt
deat: 0360 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0362 - 0360 BC
 Associates of Teos I of Nectanebo I 
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

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AKA Pharaoh (Psammetichus III) Psamtik III

 
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 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-sixth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0664 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0525 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0672 - 0525 BC
 Psammetichus III (Psamtik III) (Anchkaenra)|Pharaoh 
 birt: Egypt
deat: 0525 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0526 - 0525 BC
 AKA Pharaoh (Psammetichus III) Psamtik III 
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

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Amyrtaios (Amyrtaeus)|Pharaoh

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-eighth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0404 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0399 BC
 Amyrtaios (Amyrtaeus)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0399 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0404 - 0398 BC

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Source: Online Wikipedia link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyrtaeus . Amyrtaeus (or Amenirdisu) of Sais is the only king of the Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt an d is thought to be related to the royal family of the Twenty-sixth dynasty. He ended the Firs t Persian Occupation and reigned from 404 BC to 399 BC. . Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt agains t the Persians. Ruled 0404 - 0398 BC Amyrtaios (Amyrteos) 404-399 B.C. 28th Dynasty Amyrtaios was the only ruler of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty. He is thought to have been a Libya n. He ruled Egypt from Sais for six years. He began his reign after the death of Darius II wh en there was a renewed revolt in Egypt. They achieved independence for a short time again. O n the Elephantine Papyri, there is documentation of a loan contract that is written in the ye ar 5 of this king. This is indication that he was recognized in Upper and Lower Egypt. He mus t have driven the Persians out of the whole country. (http://www.touregypt.net/28dyn01.htm) Nectanebo I Nectanebo (Nakhtnebef): pharaoh of Egypt, ruled 380-362. In the fifth century BCE, Egypt was part of the Persian empire. However, in 404, a quarrel st arted between king Artaxerxes II Mnemon and his younger brother Cyrus, which lasted until 401 . The Egyptians, led by Amyrtaeus, seized the opportunity and regained their independence. Pe rsian attacks in 385 and 383 were repulsed by Egyptian soldiers and Greek mercenaries, whic h were commanded by the Athenian general Chabrias, and a period great prosperity started. Amyrtaeus was succeeded by Nepherites I and Achoris. When the latter died in 380, there was u nrest in Egypt, and his son Nepherites II occupied the throne for only four months. The new k ing was Nakhtnebef or Nectanebo, who may have been a distant relative of Nepherites I but wa s -whatever his family connections- an usurper. His home town was Sebennytus, a city in the h eart of the Delta of the Nile. ... (http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nectanebo/nectanebo_i.html)


Nepherites I (Nef'aurud I)|Pharaoh

 
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 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-ninth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0399 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0380 BC
 Nepherites I (Nef'aurud I)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0393 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0398 - 0393 BC

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Source: Online Wikipedia link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefaarud_I . King Nepherites I, or Nefaarud I, founded the Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt by defeating Amyr taeus in open battle, and then executing him at Memphis in the autumn of 399 BC. Ruled 0398 – 0393 BC Nepherites I (Nef'aurud) 399-393 B.C. 29th Dynasty Nepherites I was the first ruler of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty. Nepherites I sent a gift to th e Spartans after an allegiance had been entered into with Sparta against Persia. This gift wa s lost to the Persians after the ships from Egypt approached Rhodes. The Egyptians did not kn ow that the Rhodians had defected to the Persians. (http://www.touregypt.net/29dyn01.htm)


Psammuthis (Psimut)|Pharaoh

 
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 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-ninth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0399 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0380 BC
 Psammuthis (Psimut)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0393 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0393 BC

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Source: Online Wikipedia link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammuthes . Psammuthes was an Egyptian Pharaoh of the Twenty-ninth dynasty during 393 BC. Ruled 0393 BC


Hakoris (Hakor) (Achoris)|Pharaoh


AKA Pharaoh (Hakoris) Achoris
birt:
deat: DECEASED


Associates of Pharaoh Hakoris
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED


< Nepherites II (Nef'aurud II) of Hakoris|Pharaoh
birt: Egypt
deat: 0380 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0380 BC

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-ninth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0399 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0380 BC
 Hakoris (Hakor) (Achoris)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0380 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0393 - 0380 BC

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Source: Online Wikipedia link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakor . Hakor, or Akoris, was the Pharaoh of Egypt from 393 BC to 380 BC. Hakor overthrew his predece ssor Psammuthes and falsely proclaimed himself to be the grandson of Nepherites I, founder o f the 29th Dynasty, on his monuments in order to legitimise his kingship.[2] . Overthrew his predecessor Psammuthes. Father of Nefaarud II. Ruled 0393 – 0380 BC Hakoris (Hakor)(Achoris)(Hagor) 393-380 B.C. 29th Dynasty There is some discrepancy as to whether Hakoris was the second of the third king of the Twent y-ninth Dynasty. Psammuthis is the king in which the confusion is associated with because h e is shown to have ruled during the same year as Hakoris (393 BC). Hakoris reigned for thirte en years and built many monuments which are found in all parts of Egypt. During his reign the re was peace between Persia and Sparta. Persia was free to move against Egypt and there wa s a three-year war between the two. Egypt was relatively strong during this time and became a llies with Cyprus. Egypt was delivered from Persia. The tomb of Hakoris has not been found. (http://www.touregypt.net/29dyn03.htm)


Nepherites II (Nef'aurud II) of Hakoris|Pharaoh


Associates of Nepherites II of Hakoris
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Twenty-ninth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0399 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0380 BC
 Nepherites II (Nef'aurud II) of Hakoris|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0380 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0380 BC

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Source: Online Wikipedia link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefaarud_II . Nepherities II or Nefaarud II became Pharaoh of Egypt in 380 BC after the death of his fathe r Hakor. He was the last pharaoh of the twenty-ninth dynasty and the son of Hakor. Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor. Ruled 0380 BC Nepherites II 380 B.C. 29th Dynasty Nepherites II was the fourth and final ruler of the Twenty-ninth Dynasty. He reigned for onl y four months before he was overthrown by the founder of the Thirtieth Dynasty. He assumed th e throne after the death of Hakoris, who was Nepherites' father. The name Nepherites has an e tymological meaning of "His great ones are prosperous". (http://www.touregypt.net/29dyn04.htm)


Nectanebo I (Nakhtnebef)|Pharaoh


AKA Pharaoh (Nectanebo I) Nakhtnebef
birt: Egypt
deat: 0362 BC


< Teos (Tachos) (Irmaatenra Djeho) of Nectanebo I|Pharaoh
birt: Egypt
deat: 0360 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0362 - 0360 BC


< Tjahapimu of Nectanebo I|Governor
birt: Egypt
deat: DECEASED

 
 List of Kings 
 birt:
deat:
 Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt 
 birt: 2920 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0332 BC
 Thirtieth Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt 
 birt: 0380 BC
plac: Egypt
deat: 0343 BC
 Nectanebo I (Nakhtnebef)|Pharaoh 
birt: Egypt
deat: 0362 BC
plac: Egypt Ruled 0380 - 0362 BC

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Source: Online Wikipedia Link; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectanebo_I . Nectanabo (or more properly Nekhtnebef) was an Egyptian pharaoh and the founder of the Thirti eth dynasty of Egypt. In 380 BC, Nectanebo deposed and killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of Egyptian ki ngs. He seems to have spent much of his reign defending his kingdom from Persian reconquest w ith the occasional help of troops from Athens or Sparta. . Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty o f native Egyptians. Father of Teos. Ruled 0380 – 0362 BC Nectanebo I (Nectanebus)(Nakhthorhebe) 380-362 B.C. 30th Dynasty Nectanebo I was the first ruler of the Thirtieth Dynasty and was a general from Sebennytus. H e is thought to have been related to the family of Nepherites I. He imposed heavy taxes on th e people of Egypt in order to conquer Syria from Persia. In the spring of 373 BC, the Persia n army moved in to attack Egypt. They got as far as the Mendesian mouth of the Nile. Two of t he commanders of the Persian forces could not agree on their strategy. As the time passed, th e Nile rose and flooded the Delta area. The Persians abandoned their efforts and left. The Eg yptians had successfully turned back the Persians, with a little help from the Nile, and peac e was established. Nectanebo restored and built many monuments throughout Egypt. (http://www.touregypt.net/30dyn01.htm) Nectanebo I Nectanebo (Nakhtnebef): pharaoh of Egypt, ruled 380-362. In the fifth century BCE, Egypt was part of the Persian empire. However, in 404, a quarrel st arted between king Artaxerxes II Mnemon and his younger brother Cyrus, which lasted until 401 . The Egyptians, led by Amyrtaeus, seized the opportunity and regained their independence. Pe rsian attacks in 385 and 383 were repulsed by Egyptian soldiers and Greek mercenaries, whic h were commanded by the Athenian general Chabrias, and a period great prosperity started. Amyrtaeus was succeeded by Nepherites I and Achoris. When the latter died in 380, there was u nrest in Egypt, and his son Nepherites II occupied the throne for only four months. The new k ing was Nakhtnebef or Nectanebo, who may have been a distant relative of Nepherites I but wa s -whatever his family connections- an usurper. His home town was Sebennytus, a city in the h eart of the Delta of the Nile. The Persian king Artaxerxes II Mnemon was aware of the troubles surrounding the accession o f Nectanebo, and decided to attack Egypt. In 386, he had concluded a peace treaty with the Gr eeks, and under the terms of this treaty, he requested the Athenians to recall Chabrias (379) . So, Egypt was left without allies, and the Persians started to prepare themselves, which to ok several years. Finally, their general Pharnabazus gathered a large navy at Acco in norther n Palestine. His army was reinforced with Greek mercenaries, commanded by Iphicrates (Sprin g 373). Nectanebo I or II Their advance to Egypt was uneventful, which suggests that Nectanebo did not possess a navy t hat could attack the Persians during their five days' march through the desert between Gaza a nd Pelusium (i.e., Port Said). However, Pelusium, situated on the most eastern branch of th e Nile, was strongly defended, and the Persians were unable to capture the Egyptian stronghol d. Therefore, they decided to go around it and used another branch of the Nile to enter the c ountry. (The fortress that guarded the entrance was razed to the ground.) They marched on Mem phis -or wanted to do so- but by that time, Iphicrates and Pharnabazus had disagreed as to st rategy, and they hesitated to attack the Egyptian capital. Nectanebo was able to reinforce Me mphis, and in July, his enemies were forced to retreat: because of the Nile inundation, the D elta had become one great swamp. Pharnabazus had underestimated the Egyptian strength and th e logistics of the campaign. It was an important Egyptian victory. The Persians were unable to come back. After 370, the w est of their empire was in great turmoil (a period known as the Satrap's revolt), and it too k Artaxerxes II and his successor Artaxerxes III Ochus much time to reestablish their power. For Egypt, the fact that it had -without allies- defeated the most powerful state in the worl d, meant the beginning of a national restoration. Nectanebo rebuilt and enlarged several impo rtant temples (e.g, at Bubastis, Memphis, Abydus, Thebes/Karnak, and Edfu) in a style that i s reminiscent of the buildings of the twenty-sixth dynasty, which had been the last native dy nasty before the conquest by the Persian king Cambyses in 525. In the last years of Nectanebo's reign, he negotiated with some of the rebellious Persian sat raps, and plans were made for an attack on the Persian empire, where Phoenicia was a natura l target. Athens no longer felt obliged to obey the Persian king, and Chabrias was sent bac k to Egypt. However, the execution of the plan was left to Nectanebo's son Teos, who had alre ady been made co-ruler in 365. Nectanebo died in 362 after a reign of 18 years. (http://www.livius.org/ne-nn/nectanebo/nectanebo_i.html)