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Magas (Magnus) (Magus) of Cyrene of Philippus|King|KING OF CYRENE

Associates of Apama of Antiochus birt: ABT 0292 BC plac: Cyrene deat: DECEASED AKA (Apama) Arsinoe of Antiochus birt: ABT 0292 BC plac: Cyrene deat: DECEASED < Berenice II (Berenike), daughter of Magas of Philippus birt: 0269 BC plac: Cyrene deat: DECEASED Associates of King Magas of Philippus birt: Cyrene deat: DECEASED AKA King (Magas of Cyrene) Magnus of Philippus birt: Cyrene deat: DECEASED AKA King (Magas of Cyrene) Magus of Philippus birt: Cyrene deat: DECEASED
			Magas (Magnus) (Magus) of Cyrene of Philippus\|King\|KING OF CYRENE
			birt: Cyrene deat: 0259 BC/0268 BC Apama II (Apame) (Arsinoe) (Apana), daughter of Antiochus I Soter of Seleucus I\|Apame of Syria marr: birt: ABT 0292 BC plac: Cyrene deat: DECEASED

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Please send corrections to rootsweb@propheticmidrash.com Seleucus Family Tree (http://www.ancientroute.com/Trees/SeleucusFam.htm) Magas of Cyrene Magas, king of Cyrene, son of Berenice I by her first husband Philip, governor c. 300 and kin g of Cyrene, succeeding between c282 and the mid 270s, married Apama daughter of the Seleuci d king Antiochus I and Stratonice I c. 275, here identified with Arsinoe, mother of his onl y known child Berenice II; died 250 of the effects of prolonged overindulgence....[extensiv e notes] (http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/ptolemies/berenice_i.htm)

Khshayarsha of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I|OR "XERXES II"; GREAT KING OF PERSIA; PER-'O;

Associates of Khshayarsha of Artaxerxes I birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
					Associates of King Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I
					birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0424 BC
				Nehemiah (Nechemia) ben Hachaliah\|Prophet
				birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Tirshatha\|\|Nehemiah 10:1-28\|NOW those that sealed were, Nehemiah, the Tirshatha, the son of Hachaliah, and Zidkijah,\|\|Ezra 2:2\|These came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispar, B\|igvai, Rehum and Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel: deat: DECEASED
			Associates of Prophet Nehemiah ben Hachaliah
			birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Tirshatha deat: DECEASED
		Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (Makrocheir) (Artakhshassa) of Xerxes I of Darius I\|King\|King of Persia
		birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|\|Artaxerxes by Plutarch\|ARTAXERXES\|437-359 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|\|ARTAXERXES -\|THE first Artaxerxes, among all the kings of Persia the most remarkable for a gentle and nobl\|e spirit, was surnamed the Long-handed, his right hand being longer than his left, and was th\|e son of Xerxes. The second, whose story I am now writing, who had the surname of the Mindful\|, was the grandson of the former, by his daughter Parysatis, who brought Darius four sons, th\|e eldest Artaxerxes, the next Cyrus, and two younger than these, Ostanes and Oxathres. Cyru\|s took his name of the ancient Cyrus, as he, they say, had his from the sun, which, in the Pe\|rsian language, is called Cyrus. Artaxerxes was at first called Arsicas; Dinon says Oarses; b\|ut it is utterly improbable that Ctesias (however otherwise he may have filled his books wit\|h a perfect farrago of incredible and senseless fables) should be ignorant of the name of th\|e king with whom he lived as his physician, attending upon himself, his wife, his mother, an\|d his children.\|\|Cyrus, from his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Arta\|xerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and sof\|t in its action. He married a beautiful and virtuous wife, at the desire of his parents, bu\|t kept her as expressly against their wishes.\|...[MUCH MORE]\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Artaxerxes/) deat: 0424 BC plac: Persia (Iran) Ruled 0464 - 0424 BC marr: Concubine
	Khshayarsha of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|OR "XERXES II"; GREAT KING OF PERSIA; PER-'O;
	birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0424 BC/0433 BC
		Damaspia (wife of Artaxerxes I)
		birt: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED

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Sekyndianos (Sogdianus) (Sogdianos) (Sugdyana) of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I

Associates of (Sogdianus) (Sogdianos) (Sugdyana) Sekyndianos of Artaxerxes I birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
				List of Kings
				birt: deat:
			Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
			birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
		Twenty-seventh Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
		birt: 0525 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0404 BC
	Sekyndianos (Sogdianus) (Sogdianos) (Sugdyana) of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I
	birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0423 BC plac: Persia (Iran) Ruled 0424 - 0423 BC

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Source: Online Wiokipedia Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdianus . Ruled 0424 - 0423 BC king of Persia (424 – 423 BC). He was an obscure historical figure known Sogdianus of Persia The Great King of Persia Pharaoh of Egypt Reign 424 BC-423 BC Predecessor Xerxes II Successor Darius II Died 423 BC primarily from the writings of Ctesias. He was reportedly an illegitimate son of Artaxerxe s I by his concubine Alogyne of Babylon. OR "SOGDIANOS""SUGDYANA"; MURDERED BROTHER XERXES II; RULED 6 1/2 MONTHS, THEN KILLED BY BROT HER DARIUS II See also: Ancient History Middle Eastern Biographies d. 424 BC, king of ancient Persia (424 BC), son of Artaxerxes I. After a reign of 45 days h e was murdered by his half brother Sogdianus. Xerxes II. succeeded to the throne on the death of his father (B.C. 425), but reigned forty-f ive days only, being murdered after a festival, in which he had indulged too freely, by his h alf-brother, Secydianus or Sogdianus. Secydianus enjoyed the sovereignty for little more tha n half a year, when he was in his turn put to death by another, brother, Ochus, who on ascend ing the throne took the name of Darius, and became known to the Greeks as Darius Nothus. (http://72.14.203.104/search?q=cache:LAhPzgNveYoJ:www.gutenberg.org/files/16165/16165-h/raw5c .htm+Rhodogune+Hystaspes+OR+hytaspes+OR+hytaspis+-genealogy+-rootsweb+-roots&hl=en&gl=us&ct=c lnk&cd=5)

Arostes of Darius II of Artaxerxes I

Associates of Arostes of Darius II birt: deat: DECEASED
					List of Kings
					birt: deat:
				Pharaonic Rulers of Egypt
				birt: 2920 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0332 BC
			Twenty-seventh Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
			birt: 0525 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0404 BC
		Darius II Nothos (Ochos) (Darayavahush) (Ochus) of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|King\|Darius Nothus (Darius the Bastard)\|King of Persia
		birt: 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Darius is the Latin form of Dareios, the Greek for of a Persian name, Darayavahash, which mea\|nt roughly "To be Rich" from "daraymiy" (to hold) and "vahu" (well); Italian: Dario; Spanish\|: Dario.\|Royalty:\|Darius I the Great (584 BC-486 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius II Ochus (?-404 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius III Codommanus (?-330 BC) -- King of Persia. Last king of the Achaemenid dynasty. Defe\|ated by Alexander the Great. deat: 0404 BC plac: Babylon (Iraq) Ruled 0424 - 0404 BC\|0336 BC
	Arostes of Darius II of Artaxerxes I
	birt: ABT 0450 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
					Nehemiah (Nechemia) ben Hachaliah\|Prophet
					birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Tirshatha\|\|Nehemiah 10:1-28\|NOW those that sealed were, Nehemiah, the Tirshatha, the son of Hachaliah, and Zidkijah,\|\|Ezra 2:2\|These came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispar, B\|igvai, Rehum and Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel: deat: DECEASED
				Associates of Prophet Nehemiah ben Hachaliah
				birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Tirshatha deat: DECEASED
			Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (Makrocheir) (Artakhshassa) of Xerxes I of Darius I\|King\|King of Persia
			birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|\|Artaxerxes by Plutarch\|ARTAXERXES\|437-359 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|\|ARTAXERXES -\|THE first Artaxerxes, among all the kings of Persia the most remarkable for a gentle and nobl\|e spirit, was surnamed the Long-handed, his right hand being longer than his left, and was th\|e son of Xerxes. The second, whose story I am now writing, who had the surname of the Mindful\|, was the grandson of the former, by his daughter Parysatis, who brought Darius four sons, th\|e eldest Artaxerxes, the next Cyrus, and two younger than these, Ostanes and Oxathres. Cyru\|s took his name of the ancient Cyrus, as he, they say, had his from the sun, which, in the Pe\|rsian language, is called Cyrus. Artaxerxes was at first called Arsicas; Dinon says Oarses; b\|ut it is utterly improbable that Ctesias (however otherwise he may have filled his books wit\|h a perfect farrago of incredible and senseless fables) should be ignorant of the name of th\|e king with whom he lived as his physician, attending upon himself, his wife, his mother, an\|d his children.\|\|Cyrus, from his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Arta\|xerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and sof\|t in its action. He married a beautiful and virtuous wife, at the desire of his parents, bu\|t kept her as expressly against their wishes.\|...[MUCH MORE]\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Artaxerxes/) deat: 0424 BC plac: Persia (Iran) Ruled 0464 - 0424 BC marr: Concubine
		Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|Parysatis of Persia
		birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
					Nebuchadnezzar II (Nabuchadrezzer) (Nabu-Na'id) (Nabu-Kudurri Usur) (Nabu-Kudurri-User) (Nidintu-Bel) of Nabopolassar\|King\|(Nabonidus) (Labynetus I) (Nabonedochos) (Nabonnidechus) (Nabunaita)
					birt: 0630 BC plac: Babylon deat: 0539 BC
				Nebuchadnezzar III of Nebuchadnezzar II of Nabopolassar\|King
				birt: ABT 0585 BC plac: Babylon deat: DECEASED
			Andia (Andria), daughter of Nebuchadnezzar III of Nebuchadnezzar II
			birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Babylon deat: DECEASED marr: Concubine

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Damaspia (wife of Artaxerxes I)

< Xerxes II of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|King birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0424 BC plac: Persia (Iran) Ruled 0424 - 0423 BC < Khshayarsha of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|OR "XERXES II"; GREAT KING OF PERSIA; PER-'O; birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0424 BC/0433 BC < Associates of King Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0424 BC AKA King (Artaxerxes I) Longimanus of Xerxes I birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED AKA King (Artaxerxes I) Artachshasta birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED AKA King (Artaxerxes I) Makrocheir of Xerxes I birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED AKA King (Artaxerxes I) (Artakhshathra) Artakhshassa of Xerxes I birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
			Damaspia (wife of Artaxerxes I)
			birt: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (Makrocheir) (Artakhshassa) of Xerxes I of Darius I\|King\|King of Persia marr: birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|\|Artaxerxes by Plutarch\|ARTAXERXES\|437-359 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|\|ARTAXERXES -\|THE first Artaxerxes, among all the kings of Persia the most remarkable for a gentle and nobl\|e spirit, was surnamed the Long-handed, his right hand being longer than his left, and was th\|e son of Xerxes. The second, whose story I am now writing, who had the surname of the Mindful\|, was the grandson of the former, by his daughter Parysatis, who brought Darius four sons, th\|e eldest Artaxerxes, the next Cyrus, and two younger than these, Ostanes and Oxathres. Cyru\|s took his name of the ancient Cyrus, as he, they say, had his from the sun, which, in the Pe\|rsian language, is called Cyrus. Artaxerxes was at first called Arsicas; Dinon says Oarses; b\|ut it is utterly improbable that Ctesias (however otherwise he may have filled his books wit\|h a perfect farrago of incredible and senseless fables) should be ignorant of the name of th\|e king with whom he lived as his physician, attending upon himself, his wife, his mother, an\|d his children.\|\|Cyrus, from his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Arta\|xerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and sof\|t in its action. He married a beautiful and virtuous wife, at the desire of his parents, bu\|t kept her as expressly against their wishes.\|...[MUCH MORE]\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Artaxerxes/) deat: 0424 BC plac: Persia (Iran) Ruled 0464 - 0424 BC

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Kosmartydene (concubine of Artaxerxes I)

< Arsites of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0425 BC/0434 AKA Concubine (Kosmartydene) Cosmartidene birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED < Darius II Nothos (Ochos) (Darayavahush) (Ochus) of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|King\|Darius Nothus (Darius the Bastard)\|King of Persia birt: 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Darius is the Latin form of Dareios, the Greek for of a Persian name, Darayavahash, which mea\|nt roughly "To be Rich" from "daraymiy" (to hold) and "vahu" (well); Italian: Dario; Spanish\|: Dario.\|Royalty:\|Darius I the Great (584 BC-486 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius II Ochus (?-404 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius III Codommanus (?-330 BC) -- King of Persia. Last king of the Achaemenid dynasty. Defe\|ated by Alexander the Great. deat: 0404 BC plac: Babylon (Iraq) Ruled 0424 - 0404 BC\|0336 BC
			Kosmartydene (concubine of Artaxerxes I)
			birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (Makrocheir) (Artakhshassa) of Xerxes I of Darius I\|King\|King of Persia marr: birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|\|Artaxerxes by Plutarch\|ARTAXERXES\|437-359 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|\|ARTAXERXES -\|THE first Artaxerxes, among all the kings of Persia the most remarkable for a gentle and nobl\|e spirit, was surnamed the Long-handed, his right hand being longer than his left, and was th\|e son of Xerxes. The second, whose story I am now writing, who had the surname of the Mindful\|, was the grandson of the former, by his daughter Parysatis, who brought Darius four sons, th\|e eldest Artaxerxes, the next Cyrus, and two younger than these, Ostanes and Oxathres. Cyru\|s took his name of the ancient Cyrus, as he, they say, had his from the sun, which, in the Pe\|rsian language, is called Cyrus. Artaxerxes was at first called Arsicas; Dinon says Oarses; b\|ut it is utterly improbable that Ctesias (however otherwise he may have filled his books wit\|h a perfect farrago of incredible and senseless fables) should be ignorant of the name of th\|e king with whom he lived as his physician, attending upon himself, his wife, his mother, an\|d his children.\|\|Cyrus, from his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Arta\|xerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and sof\|t in its action. He married a beautiful and virtuous wife, at the desire of his parents, bu\|t kept her as expressly against their wishes.\|...[MUCH MORE]\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Artaxerxes/) deat: 0424 BC plac: Persia (Iran) Ruled 0464 - 0424 BC

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CONCUBINE

Artabazanes (Artobazanes) of Darius I of Hystaspes

Associates of Artabazanes of Darius I birt: deat: DECEASED
					Prophetic Contemporaries of Jeremiah ben Hilkiah
					birt: Anatoth, Benjamin, Judea, Southern Israel deat: DECEASED
				Daniel (Belteshazzar) of Judah ben Jacob\|Prophet
				birt: ABT 0620 BC plac: Daniel 1:6\|Now among these were of the children of Judah, Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah: Unto w\|hom the prince of the eunuchs gave names: for he gave unto Daniel the name of Belteshazzar; a\|nd to Hananiah, of Shadrach; and to Mishael, of Meshach; and to Azariah, of Abed-nego.\|CHAPTER XXXII4. p. 69\|OF THE DEATH OF THE PROPHETS; HOW THEY DlED, AND (WHERE) EACH ONE OF THEM WAS BURIED5.\|\|Habakkuk (was) of the tribe of Simeon, and from the land of Sûâr (Zoar)3. This (prophet) p\|rophesied concerning the Messiah, that He should come, and abrogate the laws of the Jews. H\|e brought food to Daniel at Babylon by the divine (or, angelic) agency. The Jews stoned him i\|n Jerusalem.\|\|3 Epiphanius, ἐξ ἀγρου̑ Βηθοχήρ {Greek: eks agrou Bhðoxhr}. A variant has Βιδζεχάρ {Greek\|: Bidzexár}.\|\|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/bb/bb32.htm) deat: DECEASED plac: CHAPTER XXXII4. p. 69\|OF THE DEATH OF THE PROPHETS; HOW THEY DlED, AND (WHERE) EACH ONE OF THEM WAS BURIED5.\|\|Daniel (was) of the tribe of Judah, and was born in Upper Beth-Horon. He was a man who kep\|t himself from women, and hence the Jews thought that he was an eunuch, for his face was diff\|erent (from that of other men), and he had no children. He prayed for the Babylonians, and di\|ed in Elam, in the city of the Hôzâyê1, and was buried in Shôshan the fortress. He prophesie\|d concerning the return of the people.\|\|1 In Arabic al-Ahwâz, now Khûzistân.\|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/bb/bb32.htm)
			Associates of Prophet Daniel of Judah
			birt: deat: DECEASED
		Darius I (Setutre) (Darayavahush) of Hystaspes I of Arsames\|King and General\|Darius the Mede, King of Chaldea, (Darius I (521-485 BC))
		birt: 0550 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Darius is the Latin form of Dareios, the Greek for of a Persian name, Darayavahash, which mea\|nt roughly "To be Rich" from "daraymiy" (to hold) and "vahu" (well); Italian: Dario; Spanish\|: Dario.\|Royalty:\|Darius I the Great (584 BC-486 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius II Ochus (?-404 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius III Codommanus (?-330 BC) -- King of Persia. Last king of the Achaemenid dynasty. Defe\|ated by Alexander the Great. deat: 0486 BC plac: Parthia, Iran Ruled 0521 - 0486 BC
	Artabazanes (Artobazanes) of Darius I of Hystaspes
	birt: ABT 0525 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
		Amita (Wife of Darius I)
		birt: deat: DECEASED

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OR "ARIARAMNES"

Tithraustes of Xerxes I of Darius I

Associates of Tithraustes of Xerxes I birt: deat: DECEASED
					Associates of King Xerxes I of Darius I
					birt: 0519 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED plac: Persepolis
				Confusion of Angels
				birt: deat: DECEASED
			Associates of the Confusion of Angels
			birt: deat: DECEASED
		Xerxes I (Ahasuerus) (Khshayarsha) of Darius I of Hystaspes I\|King\|King of Persia
		birt: 0519 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Es 1:1 -\|Now it came to pass in the days of Ahasuerus, (this is Ahasuerus which reigned, from India ev\|en unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and seven and twenty provinces:) deat: 0466 BC plac: Persepolis Ruled 0486 - 0465 BC
	Tithraustes of Xerxes I of Darius I
	birt: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
			Otanes (Utâna) of Pharnaspes
			birt: ABT 0540 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
		Amestris, daughter of Otanes of Pharnaspes
		birt: ABT 0520 BC deat: DECEASED
					Cambyses II (Kambujiya) (Arshama) of Cyrus II of Cambyses I\|King\|King Cambyses II (530-522 BC)
					birt: 0588 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|\|The name of Cambyse II's mother is not known. The Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassu\|s calls her Cassandane, but Ctesias of Cnidus states she was Amytis, the daughter of the las\|t king of independent Media, Astyages.\|\|550 BC deat: 0522 BC plac: Egypt Ruled 0525 - 0521 BC\|518/517 BC marr:
				Associates of King Cambyses II of Cyrus II
				birt: ABT 0588 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0522 BC
					Atossa (Hutaosâ), daughter of Cyrus II of Cambyses I\|Princess\|Princess of Persia
					birt: 0550 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
			(Daughter) of Hystaspes I of Arsames
			birt: ABT 0540 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED

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Phaidyme (Phaidymia), daughter of Otanes of Pharnaspes


					Otanes (Utâna) of Pharnaspes
					birt: ABT 0540 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
			Phaidyme (Phaidymia), daughter of Otanes of Pharnaspes
			birt: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED Cambyses II (Kambujiya) (Arshama) of Cyrus II of Cambyses I\|King\|King Cambyses II (530-522 BC) marr: birt: 0588 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|\|The name of Cambyse II's mother is not known. The Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassu\|s calls her Cassandane, but Ctesias of Cnidus states she was Amytis, the daughter of the las\|t king of independent Media, Astyages.\|\|550 BC deat: 0522 BC plac: Egypt Ruled 0525 - 0521 BC\|518/517 BC

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Magdalena Stemen

< Elizabeth J. Ireland birt: deat: marr: < Mary M. Ireland birt: deat: marr: < Lydia A. Ireland birt: deat: marr: Christian Ireland birt: deat: < John S. Ireland birt: deat: marr: < Rachell Ireland birt: deat: marr:
				Christian Stemen
				birt: deat:
			Peter Stemen
			birt: deat:
				Hanna Barin
				birt: deat:
		Christian Stemen
		birt: deat: marr:
			Mary Magdalene Swick
			birt: deat:
	Magdalena Stemen
	birt: deat: William Ireland marr: birt: deat:
		Margaret Moyer
		birt: deat: marr:

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AKA (Ahaziah II) Achazyahu ben Jehoram II


				Obadiah (Ovadiah) of Eliphaz ben Esau\|Prophet
				birt: ABT 0600 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: AFT 0587 BC plac: CHAPTER XXXII4. p. 69\|OF THE DEATH OF THE PROPHETS; HOW THEY DlED, AND (WHERE) EACH ONE OF THEM WAS BURIED5.\|\|Obadiah from the country of Shechem was the captain of fifty of p. 70 Ahab's soldiers. H\|e became a disciple of Elijah, and endured many evil things from Ahab, because he forsook hi\|m and went after Elijah. However he died in peace. After he followed Elijah, he was deemed wo\|rthy of prophecy1.\|\|1 Solomon here follows the tradition adopted by Jerome and Ephraim Syrus, and maintained by K\|imchi and Abarbanel. He is supposed to have been the captain of the third fifty of soldiers s\|ent by Ahab against Elijah. See 2 Kings i. 13.\|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/bb/bb32.htm)
			Associates of Prophet Obadiah of Eliphaz
			birt: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: DECEASED
		Jehoram II (Joram) ben Jehoshaphat ben Asa\|King\|King of JUDAH
		birt: 0883 BC plac: Jerusalem, Judah, Judea, Southern Israel\|Matt 1:8\|And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias;\|1 Chr 3:11\|Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son,\|\|Another source says 0925 BC deat: 0843 BC plac: Another source says 0885 BC
	Ahaziah II (Jehoahaz) (Shallum) (Azariah) ben Jehoram II ben Jehoshaphat\|King
	birt: ABT 0860 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: 0843 BC plac: Megiddo
				Ruling Associates of King Jehoshaphat ben Asa
				birt: deat: DECEASED
			Ahab (Achav) ben Omri\|King\|King of Northern Israel, King of Israel
			birt: ABT 0900 BC plac: Israel\|1 Kings 16:28-33\|So Omri slept with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria: and Ahab his son reigned in his st\|ead. And in the thirty and eighth year of Asa king of Judah began Ahab the son of Omri to rei\|gn over Israel: and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years\|. And Ahab the son of Omri did evil in the sight of the LORD above all that were before him.\|And it came to pass, as if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboa\|m the son of Nebat, that he took to wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Zidonian\|s, and went and served Baal, and worshipped him. And he reared up an altar for Baal in the ho\|use of Baal, which he had built in Samaria. And Ahab made a grove; and Ahab did more to provo\|ke the LORD God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him.\|Ahab / Achav\|Ruined by his public favor: Yuma 87a\|Number of mourners who accompanied his body: Bava Kamma 17a\|The spirit of Navot requesting the opportunity to cause Ahab's downfall: Shabbat 149b\|The eulogy for Ahab: Megillah 3a; Moed Katan 28b\|Achashverosh, Nevuchadnezzar and Achav ruled over the entire world: Megillah 11a\|(http://www.aishdas.org/webshas/torah/bichtav/tanach/yisrael.htm)\|The land of Israel was not destroyed till the seven courts of judgment had fallen into idolat\|ry, and these are they:--Jeroboam, the son of Nebat; Baasha, the son of Ahijah; Ahab, the so\|n of Omri; Jehu, the son of Nimshi; Pekah, the son of Remaliah; Menahem, the son of Gadi; an\|d Hoshea, the son of Elah; as it is written (Jer. xv. 9), "She that hath borne seven languish\|eth: she hath given up the ghost; her sun is gone down while it is yet day; she hath been ash\|amed and confounded."\|--Gittin, fol. 88, col. 1. deat: 0853 BC plac: battle wounds
		Athaliah (Athalia) bint Ahab ben Omri\|Queen\|Queen of Judah
		birt: ABT 0880 BC plac: Jerusalem, Judah, Judea, Southern Israel\|\|2 Kgs. 8: 26\|Two and twenty years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign; and he reigned one year in Jerus\|alem. And his mother’s name was Athaliah, the daughter of Omri king of Israel.\|\|2 Kgs. 11: 1-3\|AND when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she arose and destroyed al\|l the seed royal.\|But Jehosheba, the daughter of king Joram, sister of Ahaziah, took Joash the son of Ahaziah a\|nd stole him from among the king’s sons which were slain; and they hid him, even him and hi\|s nurse, in the bedchamber from Athaliah, so that he was not slain.\|And he was with her hid in the house of the LORD six years. And Athaliah did reign over the l\|and.\|\|2 Kgs. 11: 13-14\|And when Athaliah heard the noise of the guard and of the people, she came to the people int\|o the temple of the LORD.\|And when she looked, behold, the king stood by a apillar, as the manner was, and the prince\|s and the trumpeters by the king, and all the people of the land rejoiced, and blew with trum\|pets: and Athaliah rent her clothes, and cried, Treason, Treason.\|\|2 Kgs. 11: 20\|And all the people of the land rejoiced, and the city was in quiet: and they slew Athaliah wi\|th the sword beside the king’s house.\|\|2 Chr. 22: 2\|Forty and two years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign, and he reigned one year in Jerusa\|lem. His mother’s name also was Athaliah the daughter of Omri.\|\|2 Chr. 22: 10- 12\|But when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she arose and destroyed al\|l the seed royal of the house of Judah.\|But Jehoshabeath, the daughter of the king, took Joash the son of Ahaziah, and stole him fro\|m among the king’s sons that were slain, and put him and his nurse in a bedchamber. So Jehosh\|abeath, the daughter of king Jehoram, the wife of Jehoiada the priest, (for she was the siste\|r of Ahaziah,) hid him from Athaliah, so that she slew him not.\|And he was with them hid in the house of God six years: and Athaliah reigned over the land.\|\|2 Chr. 23: 12-13\|Now when Athaliah heard the noise of the people running and praising the king, she came to th\|e people into the house of the LORD:\|And she looked, and, behold, the king stood at his pillar at the entering in, and the prince\|s and the trumpets by the king: and all the people of the land rejoiced, and sounded with tru\|mpets, also the singers with instruments of musick, and such as taught to sing praise. Then A\|thaliah rent her clothes, and said, Treason, Treason.\|\|2 Chr. 23: 21\|And all the people of the land rejoiced: and the city was quiet, after that they had slain At\|haliah with the sword.\|\|2 Chr. 24: 7\|For the sons of Athaliah, that wicked woman, had broken up the house of God; and also all th\|e dedicated things of the house of the LORD did they bestow upon Baalim.\|\|Another source says Abt 0925 BC deat: 0837 BC/0836 plac: \|slain in 837 BC
			Jezebel of Ethbaal I of Sidon\|Queen\|Princess of Tyre, Queen of Israel
			birt: ABT 0900 BC plac: Tyre and Sidon, Phoenicia deat: 0840 BC
AKA (Ahaziah II) Achazyahu ben Jehoram II
birt: ABT 0860 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: 0843 BC plac: Megiddo
	Zibiah (wife of Ahaziah II ben Jehoram II)\|Zibiah of Beersheba
	birt: ABT 0860 BC plac: Beersheba, Simeon, Idumea, Southern Israel\|2 Chr. 24:1\|JOASH was seven years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years in Jerusalem. Hi\|s mother’s name also was Zibiah of Beer-sheba. deat: DECEASED

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AKA King (Josiah I) Yehoash ben Ahaziah II


				Jehoiada the Deposer (husband of Jehosheba)\|High Priest
				birt: ABT 0875 BC deat: DECEASED plac: Source says "at 130 years old"
			Zechariah ben Jehoiada the Deposer\|Prophet
			birt: ABT 0850 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: DECEASED plac: 2 Chr. 21:20-21\|Then the Spirit of God came on Zechariah the son of Jehoiada the priest; and he stood above t\|he people and said to them, "Thus God has said, `Why do you transgress the commandments of th\|e LORD and do not prosper? Because you have forsaken the LORD, He has also forsaken you.'"\|So they conspired against him and at the command of the king they stoned him to death in th\|e court of the house of the LORD.\|CHAPTER XXXII4. p. 69\|OF THE DEATH OF THE PROPHETS; HOW THEY DlED, AND (WHERE) EACH ONE OF THEM WAS BURIED5.\|\|Zechariah the son of Jehoiada returned from Babylon in his old age, and wrought wonders am\|ong the people. He died at a great age, and was buried by the side of the grave of Haggai.\|\|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/bb/bb32.htm)\|stoning to death
				Jehosheba (Jehoshabeath) bint Jehoram II ben Jehosaphat
				birt: deat: DECEASED
		Associates of Prophet Deposer Zechariah ben Jehoiada\|Zechariah ben Jehoiada
		birt: ABT 0850 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: DECEASED
	Josiah I (Joash) (Jehoash) ben Ahaziah II ben Jehoram\|King\|King of Judah
	birt: ABT 0840 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel\|(2Kin 11:21-12:21)\|2 Kings 11:2\|But Jehosheba, the daughter of King Joram, sister of Ahaziah, took Joash the son of Ahaziah a\|nd stole him from among the king's sons who were being put to death, and placed him and his n\|urse in the bedroom. So they hid him from Athaliah, and he was not put to death.\|\|2 Kings 12: 18\|Joash was Jehoash ben Ahaziah ben Jehoram ben Jehoshaphat.\|1 Chr 3:11\|Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son,\|2Chr 24:1-27 deat: 0797 BC plac: 0800 BC
AKA King (Josiah I) Yehoash ben Ahaziah II
birt: ABT 0840 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: 0797 BC
	Johaddan (Jehoaddin) (wife of Josiah I ben Ahaziah)
	birt: Jerusalem, Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: DECEASED

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Associates of Drypetis of Darius III


				Greco-Roman Rulers of Egypt
				birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
			Alexander III of Philip II of Amyntas III\|King\|King of Macedonia
			birt: Jul 0356 BC plac: Pella, Macedonia, Greece\|Alexander by Plutarch\|75 AD\|ALEXANDER\|356-323 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|ALEXANDER -\|IT being my purpose to write the lives of Alexander the king, and of Caesar, by whom Pompey w\|as destroyed, the multitude of their great actions affords so large a field that I were to bl\|ame if I should not by way of apology forewarn my reader that I have chosen rather to epitomi\|ze the most celebrated parts of their story, than to insist at large on every particular circ\|umstance of it. It must be borne in mind that my design is not to write histories, but lives.\|...\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Alexander/)\|Sacred Texts <../../index.htm> Judaism <../index.htm> Index Previous Next \|\|p. 8\|ALEXANDER OF MACEDON\|THE great conqueror Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who, at the instigation of t\|he Persians, was assassinated by Pisanius, when yet a boy showed great thirst for conquest. W\|hen he heard of his father's conquests he wept bitterly, complaining that by the time he assu\|med the crown there would be so little for him to conquer. He was barely twenty years old whe\|n he ascended the throne, but he knew well how to make his power felt. He soon conquered th\|e Thracians, as well as the rebellious Thebans, and his heroic qualities developed so rapidl\|y that he was appointed by the Greeks as military chief in their wars against the Persians. U\|ninterrupted success followed his arms, and had he not died at a comparatively early age he w\|ould probably have conquered what was then known as the whole world. His victory over the Per\|sian General Memnon, on the river Granicus, in the North-West of Asia Minor, opened for him t\|he road into the interior of further Asia. He was not slow to take advantage of the opportuni\|ty, and pushed rapidly through the States of Asia Minor, through Lydia and Ionia to Pamphylia\|. In the latter, near Issus, he gained a brilliant victory over Darius the Third, also know\|n as Codomanus, who narrowly escaped death, leaving his mother, his wife and his children i\|n the hands of the conqueror.\|The Macedonian hero, with his troops intoxicated with victory after victory, now entered Syri\|a, not so much in pursuit of Darius as with a view to extending\|p. 9\|his conquests. He took Damascus and Sidon, and attacked Tyre, so as to become master of the s\|ea also.\|That city, however, being very strongly fortified, and being on one side protected by the sea\|, offered a stubborn resistance, and Alexander found himself compelled to embark on a long si\|ege. In order to prevent any untoward event during the siege, Alexander was anxious to ensur\|e immunity from the neighbouring State.\|He therefore sent a message to Jerusalem, with a letter to the High Priest Jedua with the fol\|lowing requests: (1) To supply him with troops; (2) to allow free traffic between the Macedon\|ian army and Jerusalem; (3) to give him every possible assistance, such as had been granted t\|o Darius. A hint was also thrown out that the High Priest would do well to consider whose fri\|endship and goodwill was of greater value--that of the victor, or that of the vanquished.\|The letter further expressed Alexander's anticipation of having these modest requests granted\|, and assured the Jews that they would have no reason to regret compliance. The Jews could no\|t but know that it would be greatly to their advantage to be on good terms with this famous h\|ero, and that the beaten Persian could neither benefit nor injure them. Yet they did not fee\|l justified in deserting the Persians. The High Priest therefore indited something like the f\|ollowing answer:--\|'Recognition and high esteem are undoubtedly due to so glorious a hero, yet for the present t\|he Jews of Jerusalem cannot comply with his wishes, for these reasons: We Jews have promise\|d our loyalty, on our oath, to Darius. So long as that Prince lives the oath has its force, a\|nd the Jews could commit no sin so grievous as wilful perjury, seeing that one of their comma\|ndments, with which God has entrusted them, is this: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lor\|d thy God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless\|p. 10\|that taketh His name in vain."' The High Priest moreover mentioned instances--such as Zedekia\|h, the last King of Judah, who became disloyal to the Babylonian ruler, his former allegianc\|e notwithstanding, and brought calamity upon himself and upon Judea. He further pointed out t\|hat Moses' teaching tends to show that the God of Israel is a God of Truth, that treachery an\|d untruth bring misfortune on those who practise them, and that it is incumbent on every tru\|e adherent of the teaching of Moses to avoid all falsehood and duplicity. Alexander would per\|haps have been satisfied with the explanation offered by the High Priest Jedua, had it not be\|en for the Samaritans, who, whilst practising all sorts of idolatry, were at the same time an\|xious to unite with the Jews, and to be considered as a portion of that body. When the Jews r\|epudiated them, they sought to set up a temple of their own on the model of the Jerusalem Tem\|ple. Menasseh, a brother of Jedua, formerly a priest, having married a Samaritan woman, the d\|aughter of a Samaritan governor, was deprived of his office of priest in the temple, and wa\|s naturally all the more anxious to set up an opposition temple, in which he could exercise h\|is priestly function. The Samaritans therefore strained every nerve to excite Alexander's ill\|will against the Jews, and to obtain his sanction for the erection of a temple on Mount Geriz\|im.\|Sanblat, the Governor of Samaria, and father-in-law of Menasseh, the expelled priest, sough\|t audience of Alexander, and took the opportunity to give his version of the motives of Jedua\|, the High Priest, in refusing Alexander's requests. He maintained that loyalty to Darius wa\|s not the motive of the refusal, as the Jews, he said, knew nothing of loyalty, but, on the c\|ontrary, would overthrow every throne not occupied by one of their own people if they had th\|e power. He said that they were priest-ridden, and that if there were any who\|p. 11\|would join his (Alexander's) army, they dared not venture it, as that would exclude them fro\|m participating in the Temple service, which to them meant moral death. If he (the Macedonian\|) would only secure an alternative to the Jerusalem Temple by sanctioning the opposition Temp\|le which the Samaritans were anxious to set up, this would bring large numbers from Jerusale\|m to the new Temple; and the newcomers, no longer fearing exclusion from the Jerusalem servic\|e, would gladly join with the Samaritans the banner of the great conqueror Alexander. It is p\|erhaps not surprising that the Macedonian conqueror was much impressed with this plausible ve\|rsion, especially when the Samaritans, as an earnest of their acceptance of and adhesion to t\|he new state of affairs, deserted en masse the ranks of the crushed Darius, and went over t\|o Alexander's army.\|The desired permission for the building of the Gerizim Temple was granted, and the work was t\|aken in band. Soon afterwards, however, the governor, who was a man of advanced age, died. Ty\|re could no longer resist the severe siege, and, as predicted by the prophet (Is. 27), it cap\|itulated. Indescribable slaughter and ravage took place within its walls; the town was laid i\|n ruins, and its heroes were either slaughtered or taken as slaves.\|Alexander now turned his attention to the punishment of the Jews, and started with his ever-v\|ictorious army for Jerusalem. When the news of the approach of Alexander and his formidable a\|rmy reached Jerusalem, there was consternation, and despair ruled supreme amongst the inhabit\|ants, one and all. The Jews took refuge, as ever, in their religion; prayer, fasting, sackclo\|th and ashes were the order of the day. Confession of sin and repentance were practised dail\|y by almost every person. When Alexander was but about one day's distance from Jerusalem, th\|e High Priest and Elders of the Temple had the streets of the\|p. 12\|city beautifully decorated, the public buildings as well as the private residences were magni\|ficently adorned, and they ordered the inhabitants to form two lines in the streets--one oppo\|site the other--the people to appear in their holiday attire. The gates of the city were bede\|cked with garlands of the finest flowers, and triumphal arches were erected. The priests, th\|e Levites and the Elders, at their head the venerable High Priest Jedua in full priestly robe\|s, mitre, ephod and breastplate, made their way, towards evening, to the entrance of the city\|, carrying torches and candles in their hands, and a light was thrown on the brilliant assemb\|ly such as eclipsed the noonday brightness of a magnificent summer's day.\|Soon after their arrival at the gate, Alexander, at the head of his army, made his appearance\|. He was quite astonished at the sight that met his view, and seemed to be overwhelmed on beh\|olding the grand and imposing assembly that came to meet him. When he saw the High Priest, wh\|o looked even as an angel in his garments, Alexander dismounted, as though impelled by an ins\|tinct, bowed himself reverently, and proclaimed aloud: 'Blessed be the God whose servant yo\|u are.' His army, however, having anticipated plunder rather than the sight before them, coul\|d ill conceal their bewilderment at the strange turn of affairs. They could hardly believe, o\|n the evidence of their own senses, that their proud monarch should bend his head so humbly a\|nd so reverently before the High Priest. One of Alexander's confidential and favourite office\|rs, Parmenion by name, ventured at last to ask the King why he, the proud conqueror, showed s\|uch marked honour and deference to the Jewish priest.\|'Listen, then,' replied Alexander, 'and I will tell you of a wonderful experience of mine. Wh\|ile I was still in Macedonia I often lay awake at night, when all else was at rest, thinkin\|g of a plan by which to gain mastery\|p. 13\|of Asia. One evening, when my thoughts were more than usually occupied with this fond schem\|e of mine, I fell, exhausted by this mental strain, into a deep slumber, and saw in a visio\|n an awe-inspiring man standing before me. The very sight of him seemed to instil into me cou\|rage and hope, and, as though reading my very thoughts, he advised me to cross the borders o\|f Greece without further hesitation, and assured me of the success of my projected undertakin\|g. That vision of mine was no myth, no nightmare, not the mere phantasy of a heated brain; fo\|r not only have I, since that vision, never met with anything but victory, but in the hoar-he\|aded and venerable servant of the Jewish God, in his attire and in his bearing, I see no othe\|r than the man of my vision. Shall I not then revere the man who was the messenger of his Go\|d to lead me to victory? I am equally convinced that my destiny is to overthrow Darius, and f\|or that purpose I was called to undertake this venture, and the appearance of this holy man f\|oretells complete success.' After this explanation, Alexander entered Jerusalem, accompanie\|d by the Jewish dignitaries who came to meet him. He was welcomed and cheered throughout by t\|he population of the city. His first request was to be taken to the Temple, where he anxiousl\|y inquired concerning the ceremonies and sacrifices and the manner of the services.\|His curiosity was gladly satisfied, and the High Priest directed his attention also to the pa\|ssage in Daniel 8. 5, where it is foretold that a Greek ruler (which term the High Priest app\|lied to Alexander) would overthrow the Persian kingdom, and Alexander was exceedingly please\|d with all he saw and heard. The following day the Macedonian hero summoned all the priests a\|nd elders, and asked them to tell him, without restraint and hesitation, what they wished o\|f him as a token of his great satisfaction at the reception given him, and as a mark of his h\|igh estimation of their\|p. 14\|services and organization. The High Priest, who was the spokesman, asked his Majesty to gran\|t them the free and unhindered exercise of their religious rites, and to waive the payment o\|f taxes in the Sabbatical year, when, according to the law of Moses, no agricultural pursuit\|s were allowed, and consequently there was no revenue from their lands. This was at once gran\|ted; but Alexander observed from Jedua's demeanour that there was some further favour he wish\|ed to obtain, but that the good man was reluctant to name it. He therefore requested the Hig\|h Priest to lay all his wishes before him. The High Priest then ventured to ask that the grea\|t monarch might extend his permission regarding the exercise of the religious rites by his Je\|wish subjects to all other parts of his wide dominions, such as Babylon and Media, and this w\|as also cheerfully granted by the great Alexander. At the express wish of the Macedonian warr\|ior, a large number of the most valiant of the Jewish community joined his army, and he gav\|e them permission to follow their religious observances in the camp. As a further favour, Ale\|xander requested that his likeness might be framed and placed in the Temple. It was pointed o\|ut to him that the Jews were strictly forbidden to have pictures and likenesses of anything w\|hatever in their places of worship, and, in lieu of this, it was suggested (1) that all mal\|e children born in that year throughout Jerusalem should be named Alexander, and (2) that th\|e Jews should adopt a new era called the Alexander Era. That era was to commence with Octobe\|r 1 of the year 312 before the Christian era. This suggestion met with Alexander's approval\|, and up to the eleventh century of the Christian era this method of reckoning the years wa\|s actually in force, and was known as the Era of Documents. 1\|With Alexander's entry into Jerusalem began a very\|p. 15\|considerable improvement in the condition of the Jews. 1 The Samaritans used every subterfug\|e in order to be recognized as Jews by the Macedonian hero, so that they might enjoy the priv\|ileges and advantages bestowed on the latter, but they failed to convince Alexander, who reme\|mbered their efforts to prejudice him against the Jews, that they were of the same people. 'I\|f you are indeed Jews,' he asked, 'how is it that you are not known by that name?' 'We are,\|' they insisted, 'descendants of the Patriarch Jacob, and Israel's God is our God; but the Si\|domites call us Samaritans, and we are also known to them by the name of Shechemites, after o\|ur capital Shechem.'\|Alexander was not satisfied with their answer, and told them that he could not recognize the\|m as Jews, and to the Jews alone he had granted the privileges which the Samaritans sought t\|o obtain. He asked them to leave the matter in abeyance till his return from the long journe\|y he was about to undertake, and on his return he would thoroughly investigate their claim, a\|nd then see that justice was done to them. The Samaritans were dissatisfied with Alexander'\|s treatment of them, and they rebelled and burned the Governor Andromachus in his own palace\|. Alexander's anger at this was very great; he returned, put to death the leaders, exiled a n\|umber of Samaritans to Egypt, where they formed a colony in Thebais, and handed a large numbe\|r of them over to the Jews as slaves, as a reward for their tried loyalty.\|Alexander of Macedonia, be it remembered, was by no means a mere uncouth warrior whose knowle\|dge did not extend beyond the narrow compass of the battlefield, for the vast dominion of ar\|t and science was an open book to him. From his thirteenth to his eighteenth\|p. 16\|year he was a pupil of Aristotle, who guided him through all branches of wisdom and knowledge\|, and inspired in him a love for Homer's works, which in fact he always carried with him. A\|s a consequence, he naturally had a longing for intercourse with the educated and learned me\|n of every place which he visited. Arrived in the South, his first step was to have the men d\|istinguished for their wisdom brought before him. To them he put the following ten questions\|: (1) Which is the longer distance--from the earth to the skies, or from the east of the worl\|d to the west? Answer: The last-mentioned is the longer, because if the sun stands in the Eas\|t or in the West, then he is perceived in the half of each sphere; but if he is in the centr\|e of the sky, then he is not visible everywhere. Consequently he must be higher in the forme\|r case than in the latter. (2) Which was created first--the heavens or the earth? Answer: Th\|e Almighty clearly commenced His work with the heavens, for is it not said, 'In the beginnin\|g God created the heavens and the earth'? (3) Who is truly wise? Answer: He who can foresee t\|he result of his acts is truly a wise man. (4) Who is truly strong? Answer: Strength is in th\|e possession of him who can overcome his passions. (5) Who can be considered truly rich? Answ\|er: Truly rich is he who possesses contentment. (6) How can man acquire true life? Answer: Tr\|ue life can be obtained by deadening one's passions. (7) What hastens man's death? Answer: In\|dulgence in earthly pleasures. (8) How can man obtain the love of his fellow-men? Answer: B\|y not seeking supremacy over them. Alexander felt himself hit by this answer, and said, 'I a\|m not of your opinion in this respect. My idea is that, in order to obtain the love of one'\|s fellow-man, one must acquire might and power, and use them with discretion.' (9) Which is t\|he more agreeable abode--on land or water? Answer: Surely on land, because seafaring men ar\|e not happy and contented\|p. 17\|till they reach land. (10) Who amongst you is considered the wisest? Answer: In this respec\|t we are unable to give any one the preference, as you may have observed that our answers wer\|e unanimous and simultaneous.\|Alexander proceeded in argument with the wise men. 'Why,' he asked, 'are you so averse to hea\|thenism, seeing that the heathens greatly outnumber you?' To which he received the reply tha\|t it is just the multitude, the masses, who are apt to lose sight of truth, and it is only gi\|ven to a comparative few to perceive and understand pure truth. 'But,' he continued, 'it is i\|n my power to destroy the whole of you.' 'No doubt,' was the answer, 'you possess the power t\|o do so, but we are not apprehensive on that point, having once received the promise of you\|r protection.' He then consulted them concerning his projected journey to Africa. The wise me\|n answered, 'That you cannot reach, as it lies beyond the dark mountains, which no human foo\|t can traverse.' The king seemed to be piqued by this, and said, 'I do not ask you whethe\|r I shall or can traverse those mountains. My mind is made up, and there is no resistance t\|o my will. What I want to know is the best means known to man for undertaking this formidabl\|e expedition.' The wise men advised him to the best of their knowledge. Part of their advic\|e was to procure certain draught animals from Libya, which possess the faculty of seeing thei\|r way in darkness. The king, having adopted all the necessary measures, started for Africa. H\|e arrived at a place called the land of Amazon, whose inhabitants consisted only of women, t\|o whom he sent a declaration of war. The women sent a message to him that a war with them cou\|ld only be an inglorious one, inasmuch as if he were victorious a victory over women could no\|t bring him either fame or honour; whereas if they should be victorious, that would surely br\|ing disgrace upon him.\|p. 18\|The king saw the wisdom of their argument, and gave up the idea of war, but bade them suppl\|y him with bread. The women brought him lumps of gold in the shape of loaves of bread. The ki\|ng said in amazement 'Do you use this metal as bread?' They answered 'You surely have not com\|e all this distance merely for bread; is there no bread in your own country?'\|Alexander took his departure thence, but, before starting, he wrote on the gate of the city\|: 'I, Alexander of Macedonia, was a simpleton until I arrived at this gate, where I learnt wi\|sdom from women.' He next arrived at Katzia, where also he was met with presents of gold. '\|I want no gold of yours,' said Alexander to the chief. 'And to what other purpose have you co\|me all this great distance?' was the answer, given in the shape of a question. 'I have come,\|' said Alexander, 'to become acquainted with your manners and customs, especially with your a\|dministration of justice.'\|A remarkable case of litigation happened to be in progress in the place at this time. A man w\|ho had bought a house of another found in its precincts a treasure-trove, which he took bac\|k to the seller, saying: 'This is yours; I bought the house only, and not what may be found i\|n it.' The other, in refusing to accept the proffered treasure, argued that he sold the house\|, and the buyer was the rightful owner of all that might be found in it. The judge gave his d\|ecision that the son of the purchaser of the house should marry the daughter of the seller, a\|nd the young couple should receive the treasure as a dowry. As Alexander expressed his wonde\|r at and approval of the wise verdict, he was asked by the judge how a similar suit would b\|e decided in his own country. 'In my country,' replied Alexander, 'the treasure would be take\|n by the Crown, and both parties would be deterred by the threat of death from laying any cla\|im to it.' 'How,' said the judge, 'have you also rain and sunshine in your\|p. 19\|country?' 'Surely,' replied Alexander. 'And you possess also animals and fowls?' 'Why not?' a\|sked the Macedonian. 'Then,' remarked the judge, I must suppose that the purpose of the rai\|n and sunshine in your land is to sustain those harmless creatures; for you, the human inhabi\|tants, judging by your perverseness and injustice, are unworthy of such blessed gifts of natu\|re.'\|One day they arrived at a river, and as his servants were washing off the salt of the fish, w\|hich they carried with them for their august master, in the water of the river, they saw tha\|t life was returning to the fishes. When the marvellous event was reported to Alexander, he d\|etermined to find the source of that river. He pursued his way, and at last found a gate, whe\|re he demanded admittance. The answer he received to his demand was: 'This is the gate of th\|e Lord; the righteous shall enter therein,' and he concluded that it must be the gate of Para\|dise. As all his pleadings did not gain him admittance, he asked for some article from the pl\|ace as a token of his having arrived there. A lump of gold in the shape of a human eye was ha\|nded out to him, and on putting it in the scales to ascertain its remarkable weight, he foun\|d that whatever weight he might put on the opposite scale, it would not turn the scale on whi\|ch the golden eye was put. As soon as he met with the Rabbis again, he asked them to unriddl\|e this remarkable thing. The Rabbis told him to put a little earth over the eye, and its weig\|ht would vanish. They explained that the eye was a perfect type of the human eye, which, as t\|he wise king tells us (Prov. 27.), is never satisfied, until a little earth is put over it (i\|n death), and its everlasting hunger ceases. 1\|p. 20\|Alexander returned home from his great adventures through the wilderness and went to Egypt, w\|here he built the city of Alexandria. He was anxious for the Jews, whom he held in high estee\|m for their bravery and loyalty, to be among the settlers of the great city. Once, some Afric\|an tribe and some descendants of Ishmael laid complaints before him against the Jews. The Afr\|icans claimed the possession of Palestine, basing their claim on Numbers 34. 2 and on their b\|eing descendants of Canaan; they maintained that they had an undisputed right to the countr\|y of their ancestor. The sons of Ishmael, too, put in a claim to the possession of at leas\|t a portion of Palestine, as the land was promised to their grandfather Abraham (Gen. 25. 13)\|. And so the Egyptians bethought themselves of their claim against the Jews, and referred als\|o to a Scriptural passage (Exod. 12. 36).\|Alexander had the elders of the Jews summoned to him, and mentioned the claims of the respect\|ive parties against them. The Jews selected one named Gebeha, son of Psisa, as their defender\|. He faced the plaintiffs, and said: 'You have each based your claims on Scripture; I, too, w\|ill plead against you out of the books of Moses, our lawgiver. Regarding the Canaanites, we h\|ave it in Genesis 9. 25 that Canaan was cursed and was made a slave to his brothers. A slav\|e can possess no property of his own. As to the demand of the Ishmaelites, we have it also o\|n the same authority (Gen. 25. 5) that Abraham presented Isaac with all his possessions, an\|d to the children of his concubines he made presents and sent them away from his son Isaac.\|'Against the claims of the Egyptians, we have a huge counterclaim. The second book of Moses m\|entions the\|p. 21\|time of the Jewish compulsory servitude in Egypt as 430 years. We are fully prepared to resto\|re the value of what we carried away from Egypt, if the Egyptians will pay us the wages of 60\|0,000 men, whom they compelled to work for them for the period mentioned.'\|Alexander demanded a reply on the part of the three claimants against the Jewish arguments, w\|ithin three days, if they did not wish to be punished for making fictitious claims.\|Nothing more was heard of the claims. 1 The Jews rose in Alexander's esteem daily, and he gav\|e them the most beautiful part of the city, on the banks of the river, as their quarter, an\|d granted them the full rights of citizenship. The Jewish community increased greatly in weal\|th and numbers. A year later, at the battle of Arbela, a town in Chaldea, Alexander entirel\|y annihilated the Persian empire. After more wars and conquests, he died suddenly at the ag\|e of thirty-three. His death was brought about as much by revelry as by his many cares and bo\|dily exhaustion. Some of his generals contended for his throne; he was left unburied for som\|e time, and eventually no royal burial was his portion. The Macedonian monarchy was divided a\|mongst four of his generals.--Midr. Rabba Gen. 33; Lev. 27. and Tanchuma Emmor, etc.\|\|Footnotes\|14:1 See Rapoport's Erech Millin, page 73.\|15:1 There is a difference in the dates mentioned in the Talmud. In Taanis it i\|s stated as the 21st Kislev, and in Yoma 69 as the 28th of Tebeth.\|19:1 This allegory was conspicuously applicable to Alexander's career and charact\|er. However extensive were his conquests, he longed for more and was never satisfied, not eve\|r after the p. 20 plundering of Asia, not after receiving, in consequence of his great conque\|sts, the appellation of 'the great.' But with his death, his and his country's greatness ceas\|ed, the monstrous possessions were cut up, and none of his kin ascended the throne.\|21:1 Different dates are given for the above event. In Sanhed 91. it is given a\|s the 24th of Nisson, and in Taanis as the 25th of Sivon.\|\|Next: Demons \|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tmm/tmm03.htm) deat: 10 Jun 0323 BC
		Associates of King Alexander III of Philip II
		birt: ABT 0356 BC plac: Macedon deat: DECEASED
				Oxanthres of Darius II of Artaxerxes I\|Prince\|Prince of Persia
				birt: ABT 0450 BC plac: Sogdia deat: DECEASED
			Roxanna (Roxane) (Roxana), daughter of Oxathres of Darius II\|Princess
			birt: ABT 0400 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
	Hephaestion of Amyntor
	birt: ABT 0357 BC plac: Pella, Macedonia, Greece deat: 0324 BC
Associates of Drypetis of Darius III
birt: deat: DECEASED
				Alexander III of Philip II of Amyntas III\|King\|King of Macedonia
				birt: Jul 0356 BC plac: Pella, Macedonia, Greece\|Alexander by Plutarch\|75 AD\|ALEXANDER\|356-323 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|ALEXANDER -\|IT being my purpose to write the lives of Alexander the king, and of Caesar, by whom Pompey w\|as destroyed, the multitude of their great actions affords so large a field that I were to bl\|ame if I should not by way of apology forewarn my reader that I have chosen rather to epitomi\|ze the most celebrated parts of their story, than to insist at large on every particular circ\|umstance of it. It must be borne in mind that my design is not to write histories, but lives.\|...\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Alexander/)\|Sacred Texts <../../index.htm> Judaism <../index.htm> Index Previous Next \|\|p. 8\|ALEXANDER OF MACEDON\|THE great conqueror Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who, at the instigation of t\|he Persians, was assassinated by Pisanius, when yet a boy showed great thirst for conquest. W\|hen he heard of his father's conquests he wept bitterly, complaining that by the time he assu\|med the crown there would be so little for him to conquer. He was barely twenty years old whe\|n he ascended the throne, but he knew well how to make his power felt. He soon conquered th\|e Thracians, as well as the rebellious Thebans, and his heroic qualities developed so rapidl\|y that he was appointed by the Greeks as military chief in their wars against the Persians. U\|ninterrupted success followed his arms, and had he not died at a comparatively early age he w\|ould probably have conquered what was then known as the whole world. His victory over the Per\|sian General Memnon, on the river Granicus, in the North-West of Asia Minor, opened for him t\|he road into the interior of further Asia. He was not slow to take advantage of the opportuni\|ty, and pushed rapidly through the States of Asia Minor, through Lydia and Ionia to Pamphylia\|. In the latter, near Issus, he gained a brilliant victory over Darius the Third, also know\|n as Codomanus, who narrowly escaped death, leaving his mother, his wife and his children i\|n the hands of the conqueror.\|The Macedonian hero, with his troops intoxicated with victory after victory, now entered Syri\|a, not so much in pursuit of Darius as with a view to extending\|p. 9\|his conquests. He took Damascus and Sidon, and attacked Tyre, so as to become master of the s\|ea also.\|That city, however, being very strongly fortified, and being on one side protected by the sea\|, offered a stubborn resistance, and Alexander found himself compelled to embark on a long si\|ege. In order to prevent any untoward event during the siege, Alexander was anxious to ensur\|e immunity from the neighbouring State.\|He therefore sent a message to Jerusalem, with a letter to the High Priest Jedua with the fol\|lowing requests: (1) To supply him with troops; (2) to allow free traffic between the Macedon\|ian army and Jerusalem; (3) to give him every possible assistance, such as had been granted t\|o Darius. A hint was also thrown out that the High Priest would do well to consider whose fri\|endship and goodwill was of greater value--that of the victor, or that of the vanquished.\|The letter further expressed Alexander's anticipation of having these modest requests granted\|, and assured the Jews that they would have no reason to regret compliance. The Jews could no\|t but know that it would be greatly to their advantage to be on good terms with this famous h\|ero, and that the beaten Persian could neither benefit nor injure them. Yet they did not fee\|l justified in deserting the Persians. The High Priest therefore indited something like the f\|ollowing answer:--\|'Recognition and high esteem are undoubtedly due to so glorious a hero, yet for the present t\|he Jews of Jerusalem cannot comply with his wishes, for these reasons: We Jews have promise\|d our loyalty, on our oath, to Darius. So long as that Prince lives the oath has its force, a\|nd the Jews could commit no sin so grievous as wilful perjury, seeing that one of their comma\|ndments, with which God has entrusted them, is this: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lor\|d thy God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless\|p. 10\|that taketh His name in vain."' The High Priest moreover mentioned instances--such as Zedekia\|h, the last King of Judah, who became disloyal to the Babylonian ruler, his former allegianc\|e notwithstanding, and brought calamity upon himself and upon Judea. He further pointed out t\|hat Moses' teaching tends to show that the God of Israel is a God of Truth, that treachery an\|d untruth bring misfortune on those who practise them, and that it is incumbent on every tru\|e adherent of the teaching of Moses to avoid all falsehood and duplicity. Alexander would per\|haps have been satisfied with the explanation offered by the High Priest Jedua, had it not be\|en for the Samaritans, who, whilst practising all sorts of idolatry, were at the same time an\|xious to unite with the Jews, and to be considered as a portion of that body. When the Jews r\|epudiated them, they sought to set up a temple of their own on the model of the Jerusalem Tem\|ple. Menasseh, a brother of Jedua, formerly a priest, having married a Samaritan woman, the d\|aughter of a Samaritan governor, was deprived of his office of priest in the temple, and wa\|s naturally all the more anxious to set up an opposition temple, in which he could exercise h\|is priestly function. The Samaritans therefore strained every nerve to excite Alexander's ill\|will against the Jews, and to obtain his sanction for the erection of a temple on Mount Geriz\|im.\|Sanblat, the Governor of Samaria, and father-in-law of Menasseh, the expelled priest, sough\|t audience of Alexander, and took the opportunity to give his version of the motives of Jedua\|, the High Priest, in refusing Alexander's requests. He maintained that loyalty to Darius wa\|s not the motive of the refusal, as the Jews, he said, knew nothing of loyalty, but, on the c\|ontrary, would overthrow every throne not occupied by one of their own people if they had th\|e power. He said that they were priest-ridden, and that if there were any who\|p. 11\|would join his (Alexander's) army, they dared not venture it, as that would exclude them fro\|m participating in the Temple service, which to them meant moral death. If he (the Macedonian\|) would only secure an alternative to the Jerusalem Temple by sanctioning the opposition Temp\|le which the Samaritans were anxious to set up, this would bring large numbers from Jerusale\|m to the new Temple; and the newcomers, no longer fearing exclusion from the Jerusalem servic\|e, would gladly join with the Samaritans the banner of the great conqueror Alexander. It is p\|erhaps not surprising that the Macedonian conqueror was much impressed with this plausible ve\|rsion, especially when the Samaritans, as an earnest of their acceptance of and adhesion to t\|he new state of affairs, deserted en masse the ranks of the crushed Darius, and went over t\|o Alexander's army.\|The desired permission for the building of the Gerizim Temple was granted, and the work was t\|aken in band. Soon afterwards, however, the governor, who was a man of advanced age, died. Ty\|re could no longer resist the severe siege, and, as predicted by the prophet (Is. 27), it cap\|itulated. Indescribable slaughter and ravage took place within its walls; the town was laid i\|n ruins, and its heroes were either slaughtered or taken as slaves.\|Alexander now turned his attention to the punishment of the Jews, and started with his ever-v\|ictorious army for Jerusalem. When the news of the approach of Alexander and his formidable a\|rmy reached Jerusalem, there was consternation, and despair ruled supreme amongst the inhabit\|ants, one and all. The Jews took refuge, as ever, in their religion; prayer, fasting, sackclo\|th and ashes were the order of the day. Confession of sin and repentance were practised dail\|y by almost every person. When Alexander was but about one day's distance from Jerusalem, th\|e High Priest and Elders of the Temple had the streets of the\|p. 12\|city beautifully decorated, the public buildings as well as the private residences were magni\|ficently adorned, and they ordered the inhabitants to form two lines in the streets--one oppo\|site the other--the people to appear in their holiday attire. The gates of the city were bede\|cked with garlands of the finest flowers, and triumphal arches were erected. The priests, th\|e Levites and the Elders, at their head the venerable High Priest Jedua in full priestly robe\|s, mitre, ephod and breastplate, made their way, towards evening, to the entrance of the city\|, carrying torches and candles in their hands, and a light was thrown on the brilliant assemb\|ly such as eclipsed the noonday brightness of a magnificent summer's day.\|Soon after their arrival at the gate, Alexander, at the head of his army, made his appearance\|. He was quite astonished at the sight that met his view, and seemed to be overwhelmed on beh\|olding the grand and imposing assembly that came to meet him. When he saw the High Priest, wh\|o looked even as an angel in his garments, Alexander dismounted, as though impelled by an ins\|tinct, bowed himself reverently, and proclaimed aloud: 'Blessed be the God whose servant yo\|u are.' His army, however, having anticipated plunder rather than the sight before them, coul\|d ill conceal their bewilderment at the strange turn of affairs. They could hardly believe, o\|n the evidence of their own senses, that their proud monarch should bend his head so humbly a\|nd so reverently before the High Priest. One of Alexander's confidential and favourite office\|rs, Parmenion by name, ventured at last to ask the King why he, the proud conqueror, showed s\|uch marked honour and deference to the Jewish priest.\|'Listen, then,' replied Alexander, 'and I will tell you of a wonderful experience of mine. Wh\|ile I was still in Macedonia I often lay awake at night, when all else was at rest, thinkin\|g of a plan by which to gain mastery\|p. 13\|of Asia. One evening, when my thoughts were more than usually occupied with this fond schem\|e of mine, I fell, exhausted by this mental strain, into a deep slumber, and saw in a visio\|n an awe-inspiring man standing before me. The very sight of him seemed to instil into me cou\|rage and hope, and, as though reading my very thoughts, he advised me to cross the borders o\|f Greece without further hesitation, and assured me of the success of my projected undertakin\|g. That vision of mine was no myth, no nightmare, not the mere phantasy of a heated brain; fo\|r not only have I, since that vision, never met with anything but victory, but in the hoar-he\|aded and venerable servant of the Jewish God, in his attire and in his bearing, I see no othe\|r than the man of my vision. Shall I not then revere the man who was the messenger of his Go\|d to lead me to victory? I am equally convinced that my destiny is to overthrow Darius, and f\|or that purpose I was called to undertake this venture, and the appearance of this holy man f\|oretells complete success.' After this explanation, Alexander entered Jerusalem, accompanie\|d by the Jewish dignitaries who came to meet him. He was welcomed and cheered throughout by t\|he population of the city. His first request was to be taken to the Temple, where he anxiousl\|y inquired concerning the ceremonies and sacrifices and the manner of the services.\|His curiosity was gladly satisfied, and the High Priest directed his attention also to the pa\|ssage in Daniel 8. 5, where it is foretold that a Greek ruler (which term the High Priest app\|lied to Alexander) would overthrow the Persian kingdom, and Alexander was exceedingly please\|d with all he saw and heard. The following day the Macedonian hero summoned all the priests a\|nd elders, and asked them to tell him, without restraint and hesitation, what they wished o\|f him as a token of his great satisfaction at the reception given him, and as a mark of his h\|igh estimation of their\|p. 14\|services and organization. The High Priest, who was the spokesman, asked his Majesty to gran\|t them the free and unhindered exercise of their religious rites, and to waive the payment o\|f taxes in the Sabbatical year, when, according to the law of Moses, no agricultural pursuit\|s were allowed, and consequently there was no revenue from their lands. This was at once gran\|ted; but Alexander observed from Jedua's demeanour that there was some further favour he wish\|ed to obtain, but that the good man was reluctant to name it. He therefore requested the Hig\|h Priest to lay all his wishes before him. The High Priest then ventured to ask that the grea\|t monarch might extend his permission regarding the exercise of the religious rites by his Je\|wish subjects to all other parts of his wide dominions, such as Babylon and Media, and this w\|as also cheerfully granted by the great Alexander. At the express wish of the Macedonian warr\|ior, a large number of the most valiant of the Jewish community joined his army, and he gav\|e them permission to follow their religious observances in the camp. As a further favour, Ale\|xander requested that his likeness might be framed and placed in the Temple. It was pointed o\|ut to him that the Jews were strictly forbidden to have pictures and likenesses of anything w\|hatever in their places of worship, and, in lieu of this, it was suggested (1) that all mal\|e children born in that year throughout Jerusalem should be named Alexander, and (2) that th\|e Jews should adopt a new era called the Alexander Era. That era was to commence with Octobe\|r 1 of the year 312 before the Christian era. This suggestion met with Alexander's approval\|, and up to the eleventh century of the Christian era this method of reckoning the years wa\|s actually in force, and was known as the Era of Documents. 1\|With Alexander's entry into Jerusalem began a very\|p. 15\|considerable improvement in the condition of the Jews. 1 The Samaritans used every subterfug\|e in order to be recognized as Jews by the Macedonian hero, so that they might enjoy the priv\|ileges and advantages bestowed on the latter, but they failed to convince Alexander, who reme\|mbered their efforts to prejudice him against the Jews, that they were of the same people. 'I\|f you are indeed Jews,' he asked, 'how is it that you are not known by that name?' 'We are,\|' they insisted, 'descendants of the Patriarch Jacob, and Israel's God is our God; but the Si\|domites call us Samaritans, and we are also known to them by the name of Shechemites, after o\|ur capital Shechem.'\|Alexander was not satisfied with their answer, and told them that he could not recognize the\|m as Jews, and to the Jews alone he had granted the privileges which the Samaritans sought t\|o obtain. He asked them to leave the matter in abeyance till his return from the long journe\|y he was about to undertake, and on his return he would thoroughly investigate their claim, a\|nd then see that justice was done to them. The Samaritans were dissatisfied with Alexander'\|s treatment of them, and they rebelled and burned the Governor Andromachus in his own palace\|. Alexander's anger at this was very great; he returned, put to death the leaders, exiled a n\|umber of Samaritans to Egypt, where they formed a colony in Thebais, and handed a large numbe\|r of them over to the Jews as slaves, as a reward for their tried loyalty.\|Alexander of Macedonia, be it remembered, was by no means a mere uncouth warrior whose knowle\|dge did not extend beyond the narrow compass of the battlefield, for the vast dominion of ar\|t and science was an open book to him. From his thirteenth to his eighteenth\|p. 16\|year he was a pupil of Aristotle, who guided him through all branches of wisdom and knowledge\|, and inspired in him a love for Homer's works, which in fact he always carried with him. A\|s a consequence, he naturally had a longing for intercourse with the educated and learned me\|n of every place which he visited. Arrived in the South, his first step was to have the men d\|istinguished for their wisdom brought before him. To them he put the following ten questions\|: (1) Which is the longer distance--from the earth to the skies, or from the east of the worl\|d to the west? Answer: The last-mentioned is the longer, because if the sun stands in the Eas\|t or in the West, then he is perceived in the half of each sphere; but if he is in the centr\|e of the sky, then he is not visible everywhere. Consequently he must be higher in the forme\|r case than in the latter. (2) Which was created first--the heavens or the earth? Answer: Th\|e Almighty clearly commenced His work with the heavens, for is it not said, 'In the beginnin\|g God created the heavens and the earth'? (3) Who is truly wise? Answer: He who can foresee t\|he result of his acts is truly a wise man. (4) Who is truly strong? Answer: Strength is in th\|e possession of him who can overcome his passions. (5) Who can be considered truly rich? Answ\|er: Truly rich is he who possesses contentment. (6) How can man acquire true life? Answer: Tr\|ue life can be obtained by deadening one's passions. (7) What hastens man's death? Answer: In\|dulgence in earthly pleasures. (8) How can man obtain the love of his fellow-men? Answer: B\|y not seeking supremacy over them. Alexander felt himself hit by this answer, and said, 'I a\|m not of your opinion in this respect. My idea is that, in order to obtain the love of one'\|s fellow-man, one must acquire might and power, and use them with discretion.' (9) Which is t\|he more agreeable abode--on land or water? Answer: Surely on land, because seafaring men ar\|e not happy and contented\|p. 17\|till they reach land. (10) Who amongst you is considered the wisest? Answer: In this respec\|t we are unable to give any one the preference, as you may have observed that our answers wer\|e unanimous and simultaneous.\|Alexander proceeded in argument with the wise men. 'Why,' he asked, 'are you so averse to hea\|thenism, seeing that the heathens greatly outnumber you?' To which he received the reply tha\|t it is just the multitude, the masses, who are apt to lose sight of truth, and it is only gi\|ven to a comparative few to perceive and understand pure truth. 'But,' he continued, 'it is i\|n my power to destroy the whole of you.' 'No doubt,' was the answer, 'you possess the power t\|o do so, but we are not apprehensive on that point, having once received the promise of you\|r protection.' He then consulted them concerning his projected journey to Africa. The wise me\|n answered, 'That you cannot reach, as it lies beyond the dark mountains, which no human foo\|t can traverse.' The king seemed to be piqued by this, and said, 'I do not ask you whethe\|r I shall or can traverse those mountains. My mind is made up, and there is no resistance t\|o my will. What I want to know is the best means known to man for undertaking this formidabl\|e expedition.' The wise men advised him to the best of their knowledge. Part of their advic\|e was to procure certain draught animals from Libya, which possess the faculty of seeing thei\|r way in darkness. The king, having adopted all the necessary measures, started for Africa. H\|e arrived at a place called the land of Amazon, whose inhabitants consisted only of women, t\|o whom he sent a declaration of war. The women sent a message to him that a war with them cou\|ld only be an inglorious one, inasmuch as if he were victorious a victory over women could no\|t bring him either fame or honour; whereas if they should be victorious, that would surely br\|ing disgrace upon him.\|p. 18\|The king saw the wisdom of their argument, and gave up the idea of war, but bade them suppl\|y him with bread. The women brought him lumps of gold in the shape of loaves of bread. The ki\|ng said in amazement 'Do you use this metal as bread?' They answered 'You surely have not com\|e all this distance merely for bread; is there no bread in your own country?'\|Alexander took his departure thence, but, before starting, he wrote on the gate of the city\|: 'I, Alexander of Macedonia, was a simpleton until I arrived at this gate, where I learnt wi\|sdom from women.' He next arrived at Katzia, where also he was met with presents of gold. '\|I want no gold of yours,' said Alexander to the chief. 'And to what other purpose have you co\|me all this great distance?' was the answer, given in the shape of a question. 'I have come,\|' said Alexander, 'to become acquainted with your manners and customs, especially with your a\|dministration of justice.'\|A remarkable case of litigation happened to be in progress in the place at this time. A man w\|ho had bought a house of another found in its precincts a treasure-trove, which he took bac\|k to the seller, saying: 'This is yours; I bought the house only, and not what may be found i\|n it.' The other, in refusing to accept the proffered treasure, argued that he sold the house\|, and the buyer was the rightful owner of all that might be found in it. The judge gave his d\|ecision that the son of the purchaser of the house should marry the daughter of the seller, a\|nd the young couple should receive the treasure as a dowry. As Alexander expressed his wonde\|r at and approval of the wise verdict, he was asked by the judge how a similar suit would b\|e decided in his own country. 'In my country,' replied Alexander, 'the treasure would be take\|n by the Crown, and both parties would be deterred by the threat of death from laying any cla\|im to it.' 'How,' said the judge, 'have you also rain and sunshine in your\|p. 19\|country?' 'Surely,' replied Alexander. 'And you possess also animals and fowls?' 'Why not?' a\|sked the Macedonian. 'Then,' remarked the judge, I must suppose that the purpose of the rai\|n and sunshine in your land is to sustain those harmless creatures; for you, the human inhabi\|tants, judging by your perverseness and injustice, are unworthy of such blessed gifts of natu\|re.'\|One day they arrived at a river, and as his servants were washing off the salt of the fish, w\|hich they carried with them for their august master, in the water of the river, they saw tha\|t life was returning to the fishes. When the marvellous event was reported to Alexander, he d\|etermined to find the source of that river. He pursued his way, and at last found a gate, whe\|re he demanded admittance. The answer he received to his demand was: 'This is the gate of th\|e Lord; the righteous shall enter therein,' and he concluded that it must be the gate of Para\|dise. As all his pleadings did not gain him admittance, he asked for some article from the pl\|ace as a token of his having arrived there. A lump of gold in the shape of a human eye was ha\|nded out to him, and on putting it in the scales to ascertain its remarkable weight, he foun\|d that whatever weight he might put on the opposite scale, it would not turn the scale on whi\|ch the golden eye was put. As soon as he met with the Rabbis again, he asked them to unriddl\|e this remarkable thing. The Rabbis told him to put a little earth over the eye, and its weig\|ht would vanish. They explained that the eye was a perfect type of the human eye, which, as t\|he wise king tells us (Prov. 27.), is never satisfied, until a little earth is put over it (i\|n death), and its everlasting hunger ceases. 1\|p. 20\|Alexander returned home from his great adventures through the wilderness and went to Egypt, w\|here he built the city of Alexandria. He was anxious for the Jews, whom he held in high estee\|m for their bravery and loyalty, to be among the settlers of the great city. Once, some Afric\|an tribe and some descendants of Ishmael laid complaints before him against the Jews. The Afr\|icans claimed the possession of Palestine, basing their claim on Numbers 34. 2 and on their b\|eing descendants of Canaan; they maintained that they had an undisputed right to the countr\|y of their ancestor. The sons of Ishmael, too, put in a claim to the possession of at leas\|t a portion of Palestine, as the land was promised to their grandfather Abraham (Gen. 25. 13)\|. And so the Egyptians bethought themselves of their claim against the Jews, and referred als\|o to a Scriptural passage (Exod. 12. 36).\|Alexander had the elders of the Jews summoned to him, and mentioned the claims of the respect\|ive parties against them. The Jews selected one named Gebeha, son of Psisa, as their defender\|. He faced the plaintiffs, and said: 'You have each based your claims on Scripture; I, too, w\|ill plead against you out of the books of Moses, our lawgiver. Regarding the Canaanites, we h\|ave it in Genesis 9. 25 that Canaan was cursed and was made a slave to his brothers. A slav\|e can possess no property of his own. As to the demand of the Ishmaelites, we have it also o\|n the same authority (Gen. 25. 5) that Abraham presented Isaac with all his possessions, an\|d to the children of his concubines he made presents and sent them away from his son Isaac.\|'Against the claims of the Egyptians, we have a huge counterclaim. The second book of Moses m\|entions the\|p. 21\|time of the Jewish compulsory servitude in Egypt as 430 years. We are fully prepared to resto\|re the value of what we carried away from Egypt, if the Egyptians will pay us the wages of 60\|0,000 men, whom they compelled to work for them for the period mentioned.'\|Alexander demanded a reply on the part of the three claimants against the Jewish arguments, w\|ithin three days, if they did not wish to be punished for making fictitious claims.\|Nothing more was heard of the claims. 1 The Jews rose in Alexander's esteem daily, and he gav\|e them the most beautiful part of the city, on the banks of the river, as their quarter, an\|d granted them the full rights of citizenship. The Jewish community increased greatly in weal\|th and numbers. A year later, at the battle of Arbela, a town in Chaldea, Alexander entirel\|y annihilated the Persian empire. After more wars and conquests, he died suddenly at the ag\|e of thirty-three. His death was brought about as much by revelry as by his many cares and bo\|dily exhaustion. Some of his generals contended for his throne; he was left unburied for som\|e time, and eventually no royal burial was his portion. The Macedonian monarchy was divided a\|mongst four of his generals.--Midr. Rabba Gen. 33; Lev. 27. and Tanchuma Emmor, etc.\|\|Footnotes\|14:1 See Rapoport's Erech Millin, page 73.\|15:1 There is a difference in the dates mentioned in the Talmud. In Taanis it i\|s stated as the 21st Kislev, and in Yoma 69 as the 28th of Tebeth.\|19:1 This allegory was conspicuously applicable to Alexander's career and charact\|er. However extensive were his conquests, he longed for more and was never satisfied, not eve\|r after the p. 20 plundering of Asia, not after receiving, in consequence of his great conque\|sts, the appellation of 'the great.' But with his death, his and his country's greatness ceas\|ed, the monstrous possessions were cut up, and none of his kin ascended the throne.\|21:1 Different dates are given for the above event. In Sanhed 91. it is given a\|s the 24th of Nisson, and in Taanis as the 25th of Sivon.\|\|Next: Demons \|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tmm/tmm03.htm) deat: 10 Jun 0323 BC
			Associates of King Alexander III of Philip II
			birt: ABT 0356 BC plac: Macedon deat: DECEASED
				Roxanna (Roxane) (Roxana), daughter of Oxathres of Darius II\|Princess
				birt: ABT 0400 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
		Darius III Codomannus of Arsames of Ostanes\|King
		birt: ABT 0380 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Neh 12:22\|The Levites in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and Jaddua, [were] recorded chief o\|f the fathers: also the priests, to the reign of Darius the Persian. deat: 0332 BC
	Drypetis, daughter of Darius III of Arsames
	birt: ABT 0340 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
		Stateira I, daughter of Arsames of Ostanes
		birt: ABT 0380 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED

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Drypetis, daughter of Darius III of Arsames

Associates of Drypetis of Darius III birt: deat: DECEASED Associates of Hephaestion of Amyntor birt: deat: DECEASED Associates of Hephaestion of Amyntor birt: deat: DECEASED
					Greco-Roman Rulers of Egypt
					birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
				Alexander III of Philip II of Amyntas III\|King\|King of Macedonia
				birt: Jul 0356 BC plac: Pella, Macedonia, Greece\|Alexander by Plutarch\|75 AD\|ALEXANDER\|356-323 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|ALEXANDER -\|IT being my purpose to write the lives of Alexander the king, and of Caesar, by whom Pompey w\|as destroyed, the multitude of their great actions affords so large a field that I were to bl\|ame if I should not by way of apology forewarn my reader that I have chosen rather to epitomi\|ze the most celebrated parts of their story, than to insist at large on every particular circ\|umstance of it. It must be borne in mind that my design is not to write histories, but lives.\|...\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Alexander/)\|Sacred Texts <../../index.htm> Judaism <../index.htm> Index Previous Next \|\|p. 8\|ALEXANDER OF MACEDON\|THE great conqueror Alexander the Macedonian, the son of Philip, who, at the instigation of t\|he Persians, was assassinated by Pisanius, when yet a boy showed great thirst for conquest. W\|hen he heard of his father's conquests he wept bitterly, complaining that by the time he assu\|med the crown there would be so little for him to conquer. He was barely twenty years old whe\|n he ascended the throne, but he knew well how to make his power felt. He soon conquered th\|e Thracians, as well as the rebellious Thebans, and his heroic qualities developed so rapidl\|y that he was appointed by the Greeks as military chief in their wars against the Persians. U\|ninterrupted success followed his arms, and had he not died at a comparatively early age he w\|ould probably have conquered what was then known as the whole world. His victory over the Per\|sian General Memnon, on the river Granicus, in the North-West of Asia Minor, opened for him t\|he road into the interior of further Asia. He was not slow to take advantage of the opportuni\|ty, and pushed rapidly through the States of Asia Minor, through Lydia and Ionia to Pamphylia\|. In the latter, near Issus, he gained a brilliant victory over Darius the Third, also know\|n as Codomanus, who narrowly escaped death, leaving his mother, his wife and his children i\|n the hands of the conqueror.\|The Macedonian hero, with his troops intoxicated with victory after victory, now entered Syri\|a, not so much in pursuit of Darius as with a view to extending\|p. 9\|his conquests. He took Damascus and Sidon, and attacked Tyre, so as to become master of the s\|ea also.\|That city, however, being very strongly fortified, and being on one side protected by the sea\|, offered a stubborn resistance, and Alexander found himself compelled to embark on a long si\|ege. In order to prevent any untoward event during the siege, Alexander was anxious to ensur\|e immunity from the neighbouring State.\|He therefore sent a message to Jerusalem, with a letter to the High Priest Jedua with the fol\|lowing requests: (1) To supply him with troops; (2) to allow free traffic between the Macedon\|ian army and Jerusalem; (3) to give him every possible assistance, such as had been granted t\|o Darius. A hint was also thrown out that the High Priest would do well to consider whose fri\|endship and goodwill was of greater value--that of the victor, or that of the vanquished.\|The letter further expressed Alexander's anticipation of having these modest requests granted\|, and assured the Jews that they would have no reason to regret compliance. The Jews could no\|t but know that it would be greatly to their advantage to be on good terms with this famous h\|ero, and that the beaten Persian could neither benefit nor injure them. Yet they did not fee\|l justified in deserting the Persians. The High Priest therefore indited something like the f\|ollowing answer:--\|'Recognition and high esteem are undoubtedly due to so glorious a hero, yet for the present t\|he Jews of Jerusalem cannot comply with his wishes, for these reasons: We Jews have promise\|d our loyalty, on our oath, to Darius. So long as that Prince lives the oath has its force, a\|nd the Jews could commit no sin so grievous as wilful perjury, seeing that one of their comma\|ndments, with which God has entrusted them, is this: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lor\|d thy God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless\|p. 10\|that taketh His name in vain."' The High Priest moreover mentioned instances--such as Zedekia\|h, the last King of Judah, who became disloyal to the Babylonian ruler, his former allegianc\|e notwithstanding, and brought calamity upon himself and upon Judea. He further pointed out t\|hat Moses' teaching tends to show that the God of Israel is a God of Truth, that treachery an\|d untruth bring misfortune on those who practise them, and that it is incumbent on every tru\|e adherent of the teaching of Moses to avoid all falsehood and duplicity. Alexander would per\|haps have been satisfied with the explanation offered by the High Priest Jedua, had it not be\|en for the Samaritans, who, whilst practising all sorts of idolatry, were at the same time an\|xious to unite with the Jews, and to be considered as a portion of that body. When the Jews r\|epudiated them, they sought to set up a temple of their own on the model of the Jerusalem Tem\|ple. Menasseh, a brother of Jedua, formerly a priest, having married a Samaritan woman, the d\|aughter of a Samaritan governor, was deprived of his office of priest in the temple, and wa\|s naturally all the more anxious to set up an opposition temple, in which he could exercise h\|is priestly function. The Samaritans therefore strained every nerve to excite Alexander's ill\|will against the Jews, and to obtain his sanction for the erection of a temple on Mount Geriz\|im.\|Sanblat, the Governor of Samaria, and father-in-law of Menasseh, the expelled priest, sough\|t audience of Alexander, and took the opportunity to give his version of the motives of Jedua\|, the High Priest, in refusing Alexander's requests. He maintained that loyalty to Darius wa\|s not the motive of the refusal, as the Jews, he said, knew nothing of loyalty, but, on the c\|ontrary, would overthrow every throne not occupied by one of their own people if they had th\|e power. He said that they were priest-ridden, and that if there were any who\|p. 11\|would join his (Alexander's) army, they dared not venture it, as that would exclude them fro\|m participating in the Temple service, which to them meant moral death. If he (the Macedonian\|) would only secure an alternative to the Jerusalem Temple by sanctioning the opposition Temp\|le which the Samaritans were anxious to set up, this would bring large numbers from Jerusale\|m to the new Temple; and the newcomers, no longer fearing exclusion from the Jerusalem servic\|e, would gladly join with the Samaritans the banner of the great conqueror Alexander. It is p\|erhaps not surprising that the Macedonian conqueror was much impressed with this plausible ve\|rsion, especially when the Samaritans, as an earnest of their acceptance of and adhesion to t\|he new state of affairs, deserted en masse the ranks of the crushed Darius, and went over t\|o Alexander's army.\|The desired permission for the building of the Gerizim Temple was granted, and the work was t\|aken in band. Soon afterwards, however, the governor, who was a man of advanced age, died. Ty\|re could no longer resist the severe siege, and, as predicted by the prophet (Is. 27), it cap\|itulated. Indescribable slaughter and ravage took place within its walls; the town was laid i\|n ruins, and its heroes were either slaughtered or taken as slaves.\|Alexander now turned his attention to the punishment of the Jews, and started with his ever-v\|ictorious army for Jerusalem. When the news of the approach of Alexander and his formidable a\|rmy reached Jerusalem, there was consternation, and despair ruled supreme amongst the inhabit\|ants, one and all. The Jews took refuge, as ever, in their religion; prayer, fasting, sackclo\|th and ashes were the order of the day. Confession of sin and repentance were practised dail\|y by almost every person. When Alexander was but about one day's distance from Jerusalem, th\|e High Priest and Elders of the Temple had the streets of the\|p. 12\|city beautifully decorated, the public buildings as well as the private residences were magni\|ficently adorned, and they ordered the inhabitants to form two lines in the streets--one oppo\|site the other--the people to appear in their holiday attire. The gates of the city were bede\|cked with garlands of the finest flowers, and triumphal arches were erected. The priests, th\|e Levites and the Elders, at their head the venerable High Priest Jedua in full priestly robe\|s, mitre, ephod and breastplate, made their way, towards evening, to the entrance of the city\|, carrying torches and candles in their hands, and a light was thrown on the brilliant assemb\|ly such as eclipsed the noonday brightness of a magnificent summer's day.\|Soon after their arrival at the gate, Alexander, at the head of his army, made his appearance\|. He was quite astonished at the sight that met his view, and seemed to be overwhelmed on beh\|olding the grand and imposing assembly that came to meet him. When he saw the High Priest, wh\|o looked even as an angel in his garments, Alexander dismounted, as though impelled by an ins\|tinct, bowed himself reverently, and proclaimed aloud: 'Blessed be the God whose servant yo\|u are.' His army, however, having anticipated plunder rather than the sight before them, coul\|d ill conceal their bewilderment at the strange turn of affairs. They could hardly believe, o\|n the evidence of their own senses, that their proud monarch should bend his head so humbly a\|nd so reverently before the High Priest. One of Alexander's confidential and favourite office\|rs, Parmenion by name, ventured at last to ask the King why he, the proud conqueror, showed s\|uch marked honour and deference to the Jewish priest.\|'Listen, then,' replied Alexander, 'and I will tell you of a wonderful experience of mine. Wh\|ile I was still in Macedonia I often lay awake at night, when all else was at rest, thinkin\|g of a plan by which to gain mastery\|p. 13\|of Asia. One evening, when my thoughts were more than usually occupied with this fond schem\|e of mine, I fell, exhausted by this mental strain, into a deep slumber, and saw in a visio\|n an awe-inspiring man standing before me. The very sight of him seemed to instil into me cou\|rage and hope, and, as though reading my very thoughts, he advised me to cross the borders o\|f Greece without further hesitation, and assured me of the success of my projected undertakin\|g. That vision of mine was no myth, no nightmare, not the mere phantasy of a heated brain; fo\|r not only have I, since that vision, never met with anything but victory, but in the hoar-he\|aded and venerable servant of the Jewish God, in his attire and in his bearing, I see no othe\|r than the man of my vision. Shall I not then revere the man who was the messenger of his Go\|d to lead me to victory? I am equally convinced that my destiny is to overthrow Darius, and f\|or that purpose I was called to undertake this venture, and the appearance of this holy man f\|oretells complete success.' After this explanation, Alexander entered Jerusalem, accompanie\|d by the Jewish dignitaries who came to meet him. He was welcomed and cheered throughout by t\|he population of the city. His first request was to be taken to the Temple, where he anxiousl\|y inquired concerning the ceremonies and sacrifices and the manner of the services.\|His curiosity was gladly satisfied, and the High Priest directed his attention also to the pa\|ssage in Daniel 8. 5, where it is foretold that a Greek ruler (which term the High Priest app\|lied to Alexander) would overthrow the Persian kingdom, and Alexander was exceedingly please\|d with all he saw and heard. The following day the Macedonian hero summoned all the priests a\|nd elders, and asked them to tell him, without restraint and hesitation, what they wished o\|f him as a token of his great satisfaction at the reception given him, and as a mark of his h\|igh estimation of their\|p. 14\|services and organization. The High Priest, who was the spokesman, asked his Majesty to gran\|t them the free and unhindered exercise of their religious rites, and to waive the payment o\|f taxes in the Sabbatical year, when, according to the law of Moses, no agricultural pursuit\|s were allowed, and consequently there was no revenue from their lands. This was at once gran\|ted; but Alexander observed from Jedua's demeanour that there was some further favour he wish\|ed to obtain, but that the good man was reluctant to name it. He therefore requested the Hig\|h Priest to lay all his wishes before him. The High Priest then ventured to ask that the grea\|t monarch might extend his permission regarding the exercise of the religious rites by his Je\|wish subjects to all other parts of his wide dominions, such as Babylon and Media, and this w\|as also cheerfully granted by the great Alexander. At the express wish of the Macedonian warr\|ior, a large number of the most valiant of the Jewish community joined his army, and he gav\|e them permission to follow their religious observances in the camp. As a further favour, Ale\|xander requested that his likeness might be framed and placed in the Temple. It was pointed o\|ut to him that the Jews were strictly forbidden to have pictures and likenesses of anything w\|hatever in their places of worship, and, in lieu of this, it was suggested (1) that all mal\|e children born in that year throughout Jerusalem should be named Alexander, and (2) that th\|e Jews should adopt a new era called the Alexander Era. That era was to commence with Octobe\|r 1 of the year 312 before the Christian era. This suggestion met with Alexander's approval\|, and up to the eleventh century of the Christian era this method of reckoning the years wa\|s actually in force, and was known as the Era of Documents. 1\|With Alexander's entry into Jerusalem began a very\|p. 15\|considerable improvement in the condition of the Jews. 1 The Samaritans used every subterfug\|e in order to be recognized as Jews by the Macedonian hero, so that they might enjoy the priv\|ileges and advantages bestowed on the latter, but they failed to convince Alexander, who reme\|mbered their efforts to prejudice him against the Jews, that they were of the same people. 'I\|f you are indeed Jews,' he asked, 'how is it that you are not known by that name?' 'We are,\|' they insisted, 'descendants of the Patriarch Jacob, and Israel's God is our God; but the Si\|domites call us Samaritans, and we are also known to them by the name of Shechemites, after o\|ur capital Shechem.'\|Alexander was not satisfied with their answer, and told them that he could not recognize the\|m as Jews, and to the Jews alone he had granted the privileges which the Samaritans sought t\|o obtain. He asked them to leave the matter in abeyance till his return from the long journe\|y he was about to undertake, and on his return he would thoroughly investigate their claim, a\|nd then see that justice was done to them. The Samaritans were dissatisfied with Alexander'\|s treatment of them, and they rebelled and burned the Governor Andromachus in his own palace\|. Alexander's anger at this was very great; he returned, put to death the leaders, exiled a n\|umber of Samaritans to Egypt, where they formed a colony in Thebais, and handed a large numbe\|r of them over to the Jews as slaves, as a reward for their tried loyalty.\|Alexander of Macedonia, be it remembered, was by no means a mere uncouth warrior whose knowle\|dge did not extend beyond the narrow compass of the battlefield, for the vast dominion of ar\|t and science was an open book to him. From his thirteenth to his eighteenth\|p. 16\|year he was a pupil of Aristotle, who guided him through all branches of wisdom and knowledge\|, and inspired in him a love for Homer's works, which in fact he always carried with him. A\|s a consequence, he naturally had a longing for intercourse with the educated and learned me\|n of every place which he visited. Arrived in the South, his first step was to have the men d\|istinguished for their wisdom brought before him. To them he put the following ten questions\|: (1) Which is the longer distance--from the earth to the skies, or from the east of the worl\|d to the west? Answer: The last-mentioned is the longer, because if the sun stands in the Eas\|t or in the West, then he is perceived in the half of each sphere; but if he is in the centr\|e of the sky, then he is not visible everywhere. Consequently he must be higher in the forme\|r case than in the latter. (2) Which was created first--the heavens or the earth? Answer: Th\|e Almighty clearly commenced His work with the heavens, for is it not said, 'In the beginnin\|g God created the heavens and the earth'? (3) Who is truly wise? Answer: He who can foresee t\|he result of his acts is truly a wise man. (4) Who is truly strong? Answer: Strength is in th\|e possession of him who can overcome his passions. (5) Who can be considered truly rich? Answ\|er: Truly rich is he who possesses contentment. (6) How can man acquire true life? Answer: Tr\|ue life can be obtained by deadening one's passions. (7) What hastens man's death? Answer: In\|dulgence in earthly pleasures. (8) How can man obtain the love of his fellow-men? Answer: B\|y not seeking supremacy over them. Alexander felt himself hit by this answer, and said, 'I a\|m not of your opinion in this respect. My idea is that, in order to obtain the love of one'\|s fellow-man, one must acquire might and power, and use them with discretion.' (9) Which is t\|he more agreeable abode--on land or water? Answer: Surely on land, because seafaring men ar\|e not happy and contented\|p. 17\|till they reach land. (10) Who amongst you is considered the wisest? Answer: In this respec\|t we are unable to give any one the preference, as you may have observed that our answers wer\|e unanimous and simultaneous.\|Alexander proceeded in argument with the wise men. 'Why,' he asked, 'are you so averse to hea\|thenism, seeing that the heathens greatly outnumber you?' To which he received the reply tha\|t it is just the multitude, the masses, who are apt to lose sight of truth, and it is only gi\|ven to a comparative few to perceive and understand pure truth. 'But,' he continued, 'it is i\|n my power to destroy the whole of you.' 'No doubt,' was the answer, 'you possess the power t\|o do so, but we are not apprehensive on that point, having once received the promise of you\|r protection.' He then consulted them concerning his projected journey to Africa. The wise me\|n answered, 'That you cannot reach, as it lies beyond the dark mountains, which no human foo\|t can traverse.' The king seemed to be piqued by this, and said, 'I do not ask you whethe\|r I shall or can traverse those mountains. My mind is made up, and there is no resistance t\|o my will. What I want to know is the best means known to man for undertaking this formidabl\|e expedition.' The wise men advised him to the best of their knowledge. Part of their advic\|e was to procure certain draught animals from Libya, which possess the faculty of seeing thei\|r way in darkness. The king, having adopted all the necessary measures, started for Africa. H\|e arrived at a place called the land of Amazon, whose inhabitants consisted only of women, t\|o whom he sent a declaration of war. The women sent a message to him that a war with them cou\|ld only be an inglorious one, inasmuch as if he were victorious a victory over women could no\|t bring him either fame or honour; whereas if they should be victorious, that would surely br\|ing disgrace upon him.\|p. 18\|The king saw the wisdom of their argument, and gave up the idea of war, but bade them suppl\|y him with bread. The women brought him lumps of gold in the shape of loaves of bread. The ki\|ng said in amazement 'Do you use this metal as bread?' They answered 'You surely have not com\|e all this distance merely for bread; is there no bread in your own country?'\|Alexander took his departure thence, but, before starting, he wrote on the gate of the city\|: 'I, Alexander of Macedonia, was a simpleton until I arrived at this gate, where I learnt wi\|sdom from women.' He next arrived at Katzia, where also he was met with presents of gold. '\|I want no gold of yours,' said Alexander to the chief. 'And to what other purpose have you co\|me all this great distance?' was the answer, given in the shape of a question. 'I have come,\|' said Alexander, 'to become acquainted with your manners and customs, especially with your a\|dministration of justice.'\|A remarkable case of litigation happened to be in progress in the place at this time. A man w\|ho had bought a house of another found in its precincts a treasure-trove, which he took bac\|k to the seller, saying: 'This is yours; I bought the house only, and not what may be found i\|n it.' The other, in refusing to accept the proffered treasure, argued that he sold the house\|, and the buyer was the rightful owner of all that might be found in it. The judge gave his d\|ecision that the son of the purchaser of the house should marry the daughter of the seller, a\|nd the young couple should receive the treasure as a dowry. As Alexander expressed his wonde\|r at and approval of the wise verdict, he was asked by the judge how a similar suit would b\|e decided in his own country. 'In my country,' replied Alexander, 'the treasure would be take\|n by the Crown, and both parties would be deterred by the threat of death from laying any cla\|im to it.' 'How,' said the judge, 'have you also rain and sunshine in your\|p. 19\|country?' 'Surely,' replied Alexander. 'And you possess also animals and fowls?' 'Why not?' a\|sked the Macedonian. 'Then,' remarked the judge, I must suppose that the purpose of the rai\|n and sunshine in your land is to sustain those harmless creatures; for you, the human inhabi\|tants, judging by your perverseness and injustice, are unworthy of such blessed gifts of natu\|re.'\|One day they arrived at a river, and as his servants were washing off the salt of the fish, w\|hich they carried with them for their august master, in the water of the river, they saw tha\|t life was returning to the fishes. When the marvellous event was reported to Alexander, he d\|etermined to find the source of that river. He pursued his way, and at last found a gate, whe\|re he demanded admittance. The answer he received to his demand was: 'This is the gate of th\|e Lord; the righteous shall enter therein,' and he concluded that it must be the gate of Para\|dise. As all his pleadings did not gain him admittance, he asked for some article from the pl\|ace as a token of his having arrived there. A lump of gold in the shape of a human eye was ha\|nded out to him, and on putting it in the scales to ascertain its remarkable weight, he foun\|d that whatever weight he might put on the opposite scale, it would not turn the scale on whi\|ch the golden eye was put. As soon as he met with the Rabbis again, he asked them to unriddl\|e this remarkable thing. The Rabbis told him to put a little earth over the eye, and its weig\|ht would vanish. They explained that the eye was a perfect type of the human eye, which, as t\|he wise king tells us (Prov. 27.), is never satisfied, until a little earth is put over it (i\|n death), and its everlasting hunger ceases. 1\|p. 20\|Alexander returned home from his great adventures through the wilderness and went to Egypt, w\|here he built the city of Alexandria. He was anxious for the Jews, whom he held in high estee\|m for their bravery and loyalty, to be among the settlers of the great city. Once, some Afric\|an tribe and some descendants of Ishmael laid complaints before him against the Jews. The Afr\|icans claimed the possession of Palestine, basing their claim on Numbers 34. 2 and on their b\|eing descendants of Canaan; they maintained that they had an undisputed right to the countr\|y of their ancestor. The sons of Ishmael, too, put in a claim to the possession of at leas\|t a portion of Palestine, as the land was promised to their grandfather Abraham (Gen. 25. 13)\|. And so the Egyptians bethought themselves of their claim against the Jews, and referred als\|o to a Scriptural passage (Exod. 12. 36).\|Alexander had the elders of the Jews summoned to him, and mentioned the claims of the respect\|ive parties against them. The Jews selected one named Gebeha, son of Psisa, as their defender\|. He faced the plaintiffs, and said: 'You have each based your claims on Scripture; I, too, w\|ill plead against you out of the books of Moses, our lawgiver. Regarding the Canaanites, we h\|ave it in Genesis 9. 25 that Canaan was cursed and was made a slave to his brothers. A slav\|e can possess no property of his own. As to the demand of the Ishmaelites, we have it also o\|n the same authority (Gen. 25. 5) that Abraham presented Isaac with all his possessions, an\|d to the children of his concubines he made presents and sent them away from his son Isaac.\|'Against the claims of the Egyptians, we have a huge counterclaim. The second book of Moses m\|entions the\|p. 21\|time of the Jewish compulsory servitude in Egypt as 430 years. We are fully prepared to resto\|re the value of what we carried away from Egypt, if the Egyptians will pay us the wages of 60\|0,000 men, whom they compelled to work for them for the period mentioned.'\|Alexander demanded a reply on the part of the three claimants against the Jewish arguments, w\|ithin three days, if they did not wish to be punished for making fictitious claims.\|Nothing more was heard of the claims. 1 The Jews rose in Alexander's esteem daily, and he gav\|e them the most beautiful part of the city, on the banks of the river, as their quarter, an\|d granted them the full rights of citizenship. The Jewish community increased greatly in weal\|th and numbers. A year later, at the battle of Arbela, a town in Chaldea, Alexander entirel\|y annihilated the Persian empire. After more wars and conquests, he died suddenly at the ag\|e of thirty-three. His death was brought about as much by revelry as by his many cares and bo\|dily exhaustion. Some of his generals contended for his throne; he was left unburied for som\|e time, and eventually no royal burial was his portion. The Macedonian monarchy was divided a\|mongst four of his generals.--Midr. Rabba Gen. 33; Lev. 27. and Tanchuma Emmor, etc.\|\|Footnotes\|14:1 See Rapoport's Erech Millin, page 73.\|15:1 There is a difference in the dates mentioned in the Talmud. In Taanis it i\|s stated as the 21st Kislev, and in Yoma 69 as the 28th of Tebeth.\|19:1 This allegory was conspicuously applicable to Alexander's career and charact\|er. However extensive were his conquests, he longed for more and was never satisfied, not eve\|r after the p. 20 plundering of Asia, not after receiving, in consequence of his great conque\|sts, the appellation of 'the great.' But with his death, his and his country's greatness ceas\|ed, the monstrous possessions were cut up, and none of his kin ascended the throne.\|21:1 Different dates are given for the above event. In Sanhed 91. it is given a\|s the 24th of Nisson, and in Taanis as the 25th of Sivon.\|\|Next: Demons \|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/tmm/tmm03.htm) deat: 10 Jun 0323 BC
			Associates of King Alexander III of Philip II
			birt: ABT 0356 BC plac: Macedon deat: DECEASED
					Oxanthres of Darius II of Artaxerxes I\|Prince\|Prince of Persia
					birt: ABT 0450 BC plac: Sogdia deat: DECEASED
				Roxanna (Roxane) (Roxana), daughter of Oxathres of Darius II\|Princess
				birt: ABT 0400 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
		Darius III Codomannus of Arsames of Ostanes\|King
		birt: ABT 0380 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Neh 12:22\|The Levites in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and Jaddua, [were] recorded chief o\|f the fathers: also the priests, to the reign of Darius the Persian. deat: 0332 BC
	Drypetis, daughter of Darius III of Arsames
	birt: ABT 0340 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED Hephaestion of Amyntor marr: birt: ABT 0357 BC plac: Pella, Macedonia, Greece deat: 0324 BC Hephaestion of Amyntor marr: birt: ABT 0357 BC plac: Pella, Macedonia, Greece deat: 0324 BC
		Stateira I, daughter of Arsames of Ostanes
		birt: ABT 0380 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED

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Amestris, daughter of Oxanthres of Arshama

< Oxathres of Dionysius birt: ABT 0325 BC plac: Greece deat: DECEASED < Amastris, daughter of Dionysius birt: ABT 0325 BC plac: Greece deat: DECEASED < Clearchus of Dionysius birt: ABT 0325 BC plac: Greece deat: DECEASED Associates of Amestris of Oxanthres birt: ABT 0350 BC deat: DECEASED
					Darius II Nothos (Ochos) (Darayavahush) (Ochus) of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|King\|Darius Nothus (Darius the Bastard)\|King of Persia
					birt: 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Darius is the Latin form of Dareios, the Greek for of a Persian name, Darayavahash, which mea\|nt roughly "To be Rich" from "daraymiy" (to hold) and "vahu" (well); Italian: Dario; Spanish\|: Dario.\|Royalty:\|Darius I the Great (584 BC-486 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius II Ochus (?-404 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius III Codommanus (?-330 BC) -- King of Persia. Last king of the Achaemenid dynasty. Defe\|ated by Alexander the Great. deat: 0404 BC plac: Babylon (Iraq) Ruled 0424 - 0404 BC\|0336 BC
				Ostanes of Darius II of Artaxerxes I\|Prince\|Prince of Persia
				birt: ABT 0450 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
					Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|Parysatis of Persia
					birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
			Arsames (Arshama) of Ostanes of Darius II
			birt: ABT 0400 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
		Oxanthres of Arshama of Ostanes
		birt: ABT 0375 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
					Darius II Nothos (Ochos) (Darayavahush) (Ochus) of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|King\|Darius Nothus (Darius the Bastard)\|King of Persia
					birt: 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Darius is the Latin form of Dareios, the Greek for of a Persian name, Darayavahash, which mea\|nt roughly "To be Rich" from "daraymiy" (to hold) and "vahu" (well); Italian: Dario; Spanish\|: Dario.\|Royalty:\|Darius I the Great (584 BC-486 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius II Ochus (?-404 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius III Codommanus (?-330 BC) -- King of Persia. Last king of the Achaemenid dynasty. Defe\|ated by Alexander the Great. deat: 0404 BC plac: Babylon (Iraq) Ruled 0424 - 0404 BC\|0336 BC
				Ostanes of Darius II of Artaxerxes I\|Prince\|Prince of Persia
				birt: ABT 0450 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
					Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|Parysatis of Persia
					birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
			Sisygambis, daughter of Artaxerxes II of Darius II\|Princess
			birt: ABT 0400 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0323 BC
	Amestris, daughter of Oxanthres of Arshama
	birt: ABT 0350 BC plac: Heraclea deat: DECEASED Krateros (husband of Amestris bint Oxanthres) marr: birt: ABT 0350 BC deat: DECEASED Dionysius (husband of Amestris bint Arshama) marr: birt: ABT 0350 BC plac: Greece deat: 0306 BC/0305 BC Lysimachus (Lysimachos) of Agathocles I\|King\|Governor of Thrace marr: birt: ABT 0350 BC plac: Macedonia, Greece deat: DECEASED

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Phratagune (wife of Darius I of Hystaspes)


			Phratagune (wife of Darius I of Hystaspes)
			birt: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED Darius I (Setutre) (Darayavahush) of Hystaspes I of Arsames\|King and General\|Darius the Mede, King of Chaldea, (Darius I (521-485 BC)) marr: birt: 0550 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Darius is the Latin form of Dareios, the Greek for of a Persian name, Darayavahash, which mea\|nt roughly "To be Rich" from "daraymiy" (to hold) and "vahu" (well); Italian: Dario; Spanish\|: Dario.\|Royalty:\|Darius I the Great (584 BC-486 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius II Ochus (?-404 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius III Codommanus (?-330 BC) -- King of Persia. Last king of the Achaemenid dynasty. Defe\|ated by Alexander the Great. deat: 0486 BC plac: Parthia, Iran Ruled 0521 - 0486 BC

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Baby Girl Sherrick


			Samuel Sherrick
			birt: deat:
		Henry J. Sherrick
		birt: deat: marr: marr:
				Henry Stemen
				birt: deat:
			Barbara Stemen
			birt: deat:
				Mary Beery
				birt: deat:
	Samuel F. Sherrick
	birt: deat: marr:
		Mary Margaret Stuckey
		birt: deat: marr:
Baby Girl Sherrick
birt: deat:
	Lulu I. Tomlinsom
	birt: deat: marr:

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Associates of Princess Neferhetepes of Neferirkare


Associates of Princess Neferhetepes of Neferirkare
birt: ABT 2400 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
				Bakare (Baufre') (Hor-baf) of Khufu of Snofru\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2575 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
			Userkaf (Userkhaf) (Irmaat) of Bakare of Khufu\|Pharaoh
			birt: ABT 2500 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2458 BC plac: Another source says\|2498-2491
				Neferhetepes, daughter of Radjedef of Khufu\|Princess
				birt: ABT 2550 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
		Neferirkare (Kakai) (Userkhau) of Userkaf of Bakare\|Pharaoh
		birt: ABT 2450 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2426 BC
				Menkaure (Mykerinos) (Menhaure) (Kaykhet) (Mycerinus) of Khafre of Khufu\|Pharaoh
				birt: ABT 2550 BC plac: Egypt deat: 2472 BC
			Khentkaus I, daughter of Menkaure of Khafre\|Princess
			birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED
	Neferhetepes of Neferirkare\|Princess
	birt: ABT 2400 BC plac: Egypt deat: DECEASED
		Khentkaus II (wife of Neferirkare)
		birt: Egypt deat: DECEASED

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Reaiah (Exile with Zerubbabel)|Exile


				Returning Exiles, time of Nehemiah ben Hachaliah
				birt: Neh 7:6 These are the people of the province who came up from the captivity of the exiles who plac: m Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon had taken captive (they returned to Jerusalem and Judah, eac\|h to his own town, 7 in company with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Azariah, Raamiah, Nahamani\|, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispereth, Bigvai, Nehum and Baanah): The list of the men of Israel: deat: DECEASED
			Zerubbabel (Zorobabel) (Sheshbazzar) ben Pedaiah (3rd Exilarch)\|(3rd Exilarch)\|Governor\|King of Persia
			birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Babylon\|Luke 2:27\|Jesus' lineage:...Which was the son of Joanna, which was the son of Rhesa, which was the so\|n of Zorobabel, which was the son of Salathiel, which was the son of Neri\|Matt 1:12\|And after they were brought to Babylon, Jechonias begat Salathiel; and Salathiel begat Zoroba\|bel;\|...and the sons of Zerubbabel; Meshullam, and Hananiah, and Shelomith their sister: And Hashu\|bah, and Ohel, and Berechiah, and Hasadiah, Jushab-hesed, five.\|\|1 Chr 3:19\|And the sons of Pedaiah were, Zerubbabel, and Shimei\|Neh.7: 6\|These are the people of the province who came up from the captivity of the exiles whom Nebuch\|adnezzar king of Babylon had taken captive (they returned to Jerusalem and Judah, each to hi\|s own town, 7 in company with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Azariah, Raamiah, Nahamani, Morde\|cai, Bilshan, Mispereth, Bigvai, Nehum and Baanah):\|\|Neh. 12:1\|Came up with Seraiah (RIN 1083), Ezra (RIN 1479), Jeshua and Jeremiah out of Babylon\|\|Luke 3:\|23 And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son o\|f Joseph, which was the son of Heli,\|24 Which was the son of Matthat, which was the son of Levi, which was the son of Melchi, whic\|h was the son of Janna, which was the son of Joseph,\|25 Which was the son of Mattathias, which was the son of Amos, which was the son of Naum, whi\|ch was the son of Esli, which was the son of Nagge,\|26 Which was the son of Maath, which was the son of Mattathias, which was the son of Semei, w\|hich was the son of Joseph, which was the son of Juda,\|27 Which was the son of Joanna, which was the son of Rhesa, which was the son of Zorobabel, w\|hich was the son of Salathiel, which was the son of Neri, deat: DECEASED
		Associates of Governor Zerubbabel ben Pedaiah
		birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Babylon deat: DECEASED
			Esthra Princess of Israel (2nd m.)
			birt: deat:
	Those Who Returned with Governor Zerubbabel ben Pedaiah
	birt: Ezra 2:1-35 plac: 1 Now these are the people of the province who came up out of the captivity of the exiles who\|m Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried away to Babylon, and returned to Jerusalem a\|nd Judah, each to his city.\|2 These came with Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispar\|, Bigvai, Rehum and Baanah. The number of the men of the people of Israel:\|3 the sons of Parosh, 2,172;\|4 the sons of Shephatiah, 372;\|5 the sons of Arah, 775;\|6 the sons of Pahath-moab of the sons of Jeshua and Joab, 2,812;\|7 the sons of Elam, 1,254;\|8 the sons of Zattu, 945;\|9 the sons of Zaccai, 760;\|10 the sons of Bani, 642;\|11 the sons of Bebai, 623;\|12 the sons of Azgad, 1,222;\|13 the sons of Adonikam, 666;\|14 the sons of Bigvai, 2,056;\|15 the sons of Adin, 454;\|16 the sons of Ater of Hezekiah, 98;\|17 the sons of Bezai, 323;\|18 the sons of Jorah, 112;\|19 the sons of Hashum, 223;\|20 the sons of Gibbar, 95;\|21 the men of Bethlehem, 123;\|22 the men of Netophah, 56;\|23 the men of Anathoth, 128;\|24 the sons of Azmaveth, F15 42;\|25 the sons of Kiriath-arim, Chephirah and Beeroth, 743;\|26 the sons of Ramah and Geba, 621;\|27 the men of Michmas, 122;\|28 the men of Bethel and Ai, 223;\|29 the sons of Nebo, 52;\|30 the sons of Magbish, 156;\|31 the sons of the other Elam, 1,254;\|32 the sons of Harim, 320;\|33 the sons of Lod, Hadid and Ono, 725;\|34 the men of Jericho, 345;\|35 the sons of Senaah, 3,630. deat: DECEASED
Reaiah (Exile with Zerubbabel)\|Exile
birt: deat: DECEASED

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AKA Princess (Rhodogune) Rodogune of Artaxerxes II


	Aroandes I (Orontes) (ruler of Armenia)\|Satrap\|Aroandes I, Satrap of Armenia
	birt: ABT 0425 BC plac: Armenia deat: DECEASED
AKA Princess (Rhodogune) Rodogune of Artaxerxes II
birt: ABT 0425 BC deat: DECEASED
				Twenty-seventh Dynasty Pharaohs of Egypt
				birt: 0525 BC plac: Egypt deat: 0404 BC
			Darius II Nothos (Ochos) (Darayavahush) (Ochus) of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|King\|Darius Nothus (Darius the Bastard)\|King of Persia
			birt: 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|Darius is the Latin form of Dareios, the Greek for of a Persian name, Darayavahash, which mea\|nt roughly "To be Rich" from "daraymiy" (to hold) and "vahu" (well); Italian: Dario; Spanish\|: Dario.\|Royalty:\|Darius I the Great (584 BC-486 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius II Ochus (?-404 BC) -- King of Persia.\|Darius III Codommanus (?-330 BC) -- King of Persia. Last king of the Achaemenid dynasty. Defe\|ated by Alexander the Great. deat: 0404 BC plac: Babylon (Iraq) Ruled 0424 - 0404 BC\|0336 BC
		Artaxerxes II Mnemon (Artakhshassa) of Darius II of Artaxerxes I\|King\|King of Persia
		birt: 0456 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: 0359 BC/0358
				Artaxerxes I (Longimanus) (Makrocheir) (Artakhshassa) of Xerxes I of Darius I\|King\|King of Persia
				birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Persia (Iran)\|\|Artaxerxes by Plutarch\|ARTAXERXES\|437-359 B.C.\|by Plutarch\|translated by John Dryden\|\|ARTAXERXES -\|THE first Artaxerxes, among all the kings of Persia the most remarkable for a gentle and nobl\|e spirit, was surnamed the Long-handed, his right hand being longer than his left, and was th\|e son of Xerxes. The second, whose story I am now writing, who had the surname of the Mindful\|, was the grandson of the former, by his daughter Parysatis, who brought Darius four sons, th\|e eldest Artaxerxes, the next Cyrus, and two younger than these, Ostanes and Oxathres. Cyru\|s took his name of the ancient Cyrus, as he, they say, had his from the sun, which, in the Pe\|rsian language, is called Cyrus. Artaxerxes was at first called Arsicas; Dinon says Oarses; b\|ut it is utterly improbable that Ctesias (however otherwise he may have filled his books wit\|h a perfect farrago of incredible and senseless fables) should be ignorant of the name of th\|e king with whom he lived as his physician, attending upon himself, his wife, his mother, an\|d his children.\|\|Cyrus, from his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Arta\|xerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and sof\|t in its action. He married a beautiful and virtuous wife, at the desire of his parents, bu\|t kept her as expressly against their wishes.\|...[MUCH MORE]\|(http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Artaxerxes/) deat: 0424 BC plac: Persia (Iran) Ruled 0464 - 0424 BC marr: marr: Concubine marr:
			Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes I of Xerxes I\|Parysatis of Persia
			birt: ABT 0475 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
				Andia (Andria), daughter of Nebuchadnezzar III of Nebuchadnezzar II
				birt: ABT 0500 BC plac: Babylon deat: DECEASED marr: Concubine
	Rhodogune (Rodogune), daughter of Artaxerxes II of Darius II\|Princess\|Princess of Persia
	birt: ABT 0425 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED
		Stateira, daughter of Hydarnes
		birt: ABT 0450 BC plac: Persia (Iran) deat: DECEASED

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				Obadiah (Ovadiah) of Eliphaz ben Esau\|Prophet
				birt: ABT 0600 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: AFT 0587 BC plac: CHAPTER XXXII4. p. 69\|OF THE DEATH OF THE PROPHETS; HOW THEY DlED, AND (WHERE) EACH ONE OF THEM WAS BURIED5.\|\|Obadiah from the country of Shechem was the captain of fifty of p. 70 Ahab's soldiers. H\|e became a disciple of Elijah, and endured many evil things from Ahab, because he forsook hi\|m and went after Elijah. However he died in peace. After he followed Elijah, he was deemed wo\|rthy of prophecy1.\|\|1 Solomon here follows the tradition adopted by Jerome and Ephraim Syrus, and maintained by K\|imchi and Abarbanel. He is supposed to have been the captain of the third fifty of soldiers s\|ent by Ahab against Elijah. See 2 Kings i. 13.\|(http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/bb/bb32.htm)
			Associates of Prophet Obadiah of Eliphaz
			birt: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: DECEASED
		Jehoram II (Joram) ben Jehoshaphat ben Asa\|King\|King of JUDAH
		birt: 0883 BC plac: Jerusalem, Judah, Judea, Southern Israel\|Matt 1:8\|And Asa begat Josaphat; and Josaphat begat Joram; and Joram begat Ozias;\|1 Chr 3:11\|Joram his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son,\|\|Another source says 0925 BC deat: 0843 BC plac: Another source says 0885 BC
	Ahaziah II (Jehoahaz) (Shallum) (Azariah) ben Jehoram II ben Jehoshaphat\|King
	birt: ABT 0860 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: 0843 BC plac: Megiddo
				Ruling Associates of King Jehoshaphat ben Asa
				birt: deat: DECEASED
			Ahab (Achav) ben Omri\|King\|King of Northern Israel, King of Israel
			birt: ABT 0900 BC plac: Israel\|1 Kings 16:28-33\|So Omri slept with his fathers, and was buried in Samaria: and Ahab his son reigned in his st\|ead. And in the thirty and eighth year of Asa king of Judah began Ahab the son of Omri to rei\|gn over Israel: and Ahab the son of Omri reigned over Israel in Samaria twenty and two years\|. And Ahab the son of Omri did evil in the sight of the LORD above all that were before him.\|And it came to pass, as if it had been a light thing for him to walk in the sins of Jeroboa\|m the son of Nebat, that he took to wife Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Zidonian\|s, and went and served Baal, and worshipped him. And he reared up an altar for Baal in the ho\|use of Baal, which he had built in Samaria. And Ahab made a grove; and Ahab did more to provo\|ke the LORD God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel that were before him.\|Ahab / Achav\|Ruined by his public favor: Yuma 87a\|Number of mourners who accompanied his body: Bava Kamma 17a\|The spirit of Navot requesting the opportunity to cause Ahab's downfall: Shabbat 149b\|The eulogy for Ahab: Megillah 3a; Moed Katan 28b\|Achashverosh, Nevuchadnezzar and Achav ruled over the entire world: Megillah 11a\|(http://www.aishdas.org/webshas/torah/bichtav/tanach/yisrael.htm)\|The land of Israel was not destroyed till the seven courts of judgment had fallen into idolat\|ry, and these are they:--Jeroboam, the son of Nebat; Baasha, the son of Ahijah; Ahab, the so\|n of Omri; Jehu, the son of Nimshi; Pekah, the son of Remaliah; Menahem, the son of Gadi; an\|d Hoshea, the son of Elah; as it is written (Jer. xv. 9), "She that hath borne seven languish\|eth: she hath given up the ghost; her sun is gone down while it is yet day; she hath been ash\|amed and confounded."\|--Gittin, fol. 88, col. 1. deat: 0853 BC plac: battle wounds
		Athaliah (Athalia) bint Ahab ben Omri\|Queen\|Queen of Judah
		birt: ABT 0880 BC plac: Jerusalem, Judah, Judea, Southern Israel\|\|2 Kgs. 8: 26\|Two and twenty years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign; and he reigned one year in Jerus\|alem. And his mother’s name was Athaliah, the daughter of Omri king of Israel.\|\|2 Kgs. 11: 1-3\|AND when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she arose and destroyed al\|l the seed royal.\|But Jehosheba, the daughter of king Joram, sister of Ahaziah, took Joash the son of Ahaziah a\|nd stole him from among the king’s sons which were slain; and they hid him, even him and hi\|s nurse, in the bedchamber from Athaliah, so that he was not slain.\|And he was with her hid in the house of the LORD six years. And Athaliah did reign over the l\|and.\|\|2 Kgs. 11: 13-14\|And when Athaliah heard the noise of the guard and of the people, she came to the people int\|o the temple of the LORD.\|And when she looked, behold, the king stood by a apillar, as the manner was, and the prince\|s and the trumpeters by the king, and all the people of the land rejoiced, and blew with trum\|pets: and Athaliah rent her clothes, and cried, Treason, Treason.\|\|2 Kgs. 11: 20\|And all the people of the land rejoiced, and the city was in quiet: and they slew Athaliah wi\|th the sword beside the king’s house.\|\|2 Chr. 22: 2\|Forty and two years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign, and he reigned one year in Jerusa\|lem. His mother’s name also was Athaliah the daughter of Omri.\|\|2 Chr. 22: 10- 12\|But when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she arose and destroyed al\|l the seed royal of the house of Judah.\|But Jehoshabeath, the daughter of the king, took Joash the son of Ahaziah, and stole him fro\|m among the king’s sons that were slain, and put him and his nurse in a bedchamber. So Jehosh\|abeath, the daughter of king Jehoram, the wife of Jehoiada the priest, (for she was the siste\|r of Ahaziah,) hid him from Athaliah, so that she slew him not.\|And he was with them hid in the house of God six years: and Athaliah reigned over the land.\|\|2 Chr. 23: 12-13\|Now when Athaliah heard the noise of the people running and praising the king, she came to th\|e people into the house of the LORD:\|And she looked, and, behold, the king stood at his pillar at the entering in, and the prince\|s and the trumpets by the king: and all the people of the land rejoiced, and sounded with tru\|mpets, also the singers with instruments of musick, and such as taught to sing praise. Then A\|thaliah rent her clothes, and said, Treason, Treason.\|\|2 Chr. 23: 21\|And all the people of the land rejoiced: and the city was quiet, after that they had slain At\|haliah with the sword.\|\|2 Chr. 24: 7\|For the sons of Athaliah, that wicked woman, had broken up the house of God; and also all th\|e dedicated things of the house of the LORD did they bestow upon Baalim.\|\|Another source says Abt 0925 BC deat: 0837 BC/0836 plac: \|slain in 837 BC
			Jezebel of Ethbaal I of Sidon\|Queen\|Princess of Tyre, Queen of Israel
			birt: ABT 0900 BC plac: Tyre and Sidon, Phoenicia deat: 0840 BC
AKA (Ahaziah II) Achazyahu ben Jehoram II
birt: ABT 0860 BC plac: Judah, Judea, Southern Israel deat: 0843 BC plac: Megiddo
	Zibiah (wife of Ahaziah II ben Jehoram II)\|Zibiah of Beersheba
	birt: ABT 0860 BC plac: Beersheba, Simeon, Idumea, Southern Israel\|2 Chr. 24:1\|JOASH was seven years old when he began to reign, and he reigned forty years in Jerusalem. Hi\|s mother’s name also was Zibiah of Beer-sheba. deat: DECEASED